Industrial Waste Water Management

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Front Cover 2
Industrial Waste Water Management 5
Copyright Page 6
CONTENTS 7
INTRODUCTION 13
CHAPTER 1. SEDIMENTATION 15
- Sedimentation processes 15
- Discrete settling 15
- Flocculent settling 19
- Zone settling 21
- Dispersion patterns and short circuiting 27
- Tube settlers 29
- The clarifier 30
- References 31
CHAPTER 2. FILTRATION 33

Front Cover 2
Industrial Waste Water Management 5
Copyright Page 6
CONTENTS 7
INTRODUCTION 13
CHAPTER 1. SEDIMENTATION 15
- Sedimentation processes 15
- Discrete settling 15
- Flocculent settling 19
- Zone settling 21
- Dispersion patterns and short circuiting 27
- Tube settlers 29
- The clarifier 30
- References 31
CHAPTER 2. FILTRATION 33
- Sand filters 33
- The filters 33
- Precoat filtration 35
- References 37
CHAPTER 3. FILTRATION, COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION 39
- Definition 39
- Destabilization by metal ions 40
- The application of synthetic organic polymers 42
- Ortho kinetic flocculation 44
- Industrial waste water treatment by precipitation 49
- References 51
CHAPTER 4. MEMBRANE SEPARATION PROCESSES 53
- Application of membrane processes 53
- Reverse osmosis 53
- The flux equations 55
- Design of the reverse osmosis unit 59
- Reverse osmosis system 62
- Ultra-filtration 64
- Dialysis and electrodialysis 65
- References 67
CHAPTER 5. FLOTATION 69
- Introduction 69
- Design of flotation unit 70
- References 73
CHAPTER 6. ADSORPTION 75
- The theory of adsorption 75
- The sequential adsorption operation 79
- The continuous operation 84
- Rate of adsorption 89
- Factors influencing adsorption 90
- Regeneration of granular carbon 92
- The application of adsorption 92
- References 93
CHAPTER 7. ION EXCHANGE 95
- Ion exchange processes 95
- Ion exchange material 95
- Equilibrium 98
- Rate of exchange 100
- Design of ion exchange column 102
- Laboratory experiments 103
- Ion exchange systems 103
- Application 104
- References 109
CHAPTER 8. CHEMICAL OXIDATION AND REDUCTION 111
- Oxidation and reduction processes 111
- Redox potential 112
- The kinetics of redox reactions 116
- Oxidants 118
- The application of reductants 125
- References 126
CHAPTER 9. DISINFECTION 129
- Rate of disinfection 129
- Disinfection processes 129
- Thermal disinfection 132
- Irradation 132
- Chlorine and chlorine derivatives 133
- Halogens other than chlorine 139
- Ozone 140
- References 142
CHAPTER 10. AERATION AND STRIPPING 143
- Gas transfer 143
- Gas solubility 144
- Mass transfer 146
- Design of an absorption or stripping tower 152
- Application of stripping 163
- Application of aeration 163
- References 165
CHAPTER 11. BIOLOGICAL, TREATMENT PROCESSES 167
- Biological systems 167
- Cellular growth 169
- Biological treatment processes 174
- Nitrification and denitrification 178
- Design of biological waste-water treatment facilities for industrial waste water 179
- References 186
CHAPTER 12. TREATMENT OF SLUDGE 187
- Characteristics of sludges 187
- Sludge handling 187
- Conditioning of sludge 191
- Vacuum filtration 192
- Thickening of sludge 192
- Centrifugation of sludge 193
- Digestion of sludge 195
- Drying and combustion 195
- References 198
CHAPTER 13. WASTE WATER FROM CHEMICAL AND ELECTROCHEMICAL METAL-TREATMENT PROCESSES 201
- Characteristics of the waste water 201
- Economy in water 208
- Precipitation of metal hydroxide 209
- Precipitation in practice 214
- Treatment of waste water containing cyanide 217
- Ion exchange 221
- Extraction of metal ions 224
- Other processes 227
- General remarks 227
- References 228
CHAPTER 14. WASTE WATER FROM THE IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY AND MINING 231
- Characteristics of the waste water from the iron and steel industry 231
- Composition of waste water from the mining industry 233
- Removal of oil and grease from waste water 235
- Treatment of waste water containing acid and iron 235
- The Ruthner process 239
- Magnetic separator 240
- References 241
CHAPTER 15. NON-FERROUS METALS INDUSTRIES 243
- General aspects of waste water purification in non-ferrous metals industries 243
- Waste water problems by aluminium electrolysis 244
- Copper recovery from waste water 244
- Purification of waste water from smelting furnace plants producing zinc and lead 245
- Ion exchange as a concentration step for purifying waste water containing non-ferrous metals 245
- Brass production 246
- Removal of vanadium 247
- Purification of arsenetrioxide 248
- References 248
CHAPTER 16. THE ALKALI INDUSTRY 249
- Characteristics of the waste water 249
- Treatment of waste water from alkali plants 251
- Treatment methods of the chlor-alkali industry 253
- References 255
CHAPTER 17. THE GAS-, COKE- AND TAR INDUSTRY 257
- Characteristics of the waste water 257
- Waste water problems of this industry 258
- Activated sludge treatment 260
- Extraction 262
- Other methods 263
- References 264
CHAPTER 18. WASTE WATER FROM THE MANUFACTURE OF STONE AND GLASS WOOLS 267
- Treatment processes 267
- Characteristics of the water 267
- References 268
CHAPTER 19 THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY 269
- Characteristics of the waste water 269
- Effects of the waste water 270
- Separation and settling 271
- Biological treatment processes 271
- Other treatment methods 272
- References 274
CHAPTER 20. WASTE WATER FROM THE INORGANIC CHEMICALS INDUSTRY 275
- Characteristics of the waste water 275
- Survey of the methods of treatment 276
- Waste water from the production of sulphuric acid 277
- Waste water from production of hydrochloric acid 278
- The fertilizer industry: nitrogen compounds 278
- The fertilizer industry: phosphorus compounds 284
- References 285
CHAPTER 21. MANUFACTURE OF ORGANIC CHEMICALS 287
- Characteristics of the waste water 287
- Survey of the organic chemical industry 288
- Biological treatment 290
- Other treatment methods 293
- Chemical oxidation 294
- References 296
CHAPTER 22. THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY 297
- Characteristics of the waste water 297
- Methods of treatment 298
- References 299
CHAPTER 23. THE PIGMENT INDUSTRY 301
- Characteristics of the waste water 301
- Treatment methods 301
- References 305
CHAPTER 24. THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY 307
- Characteristics of the waste water 307
- Treatment methods 311
- References 317
CHAPTER 25. THE PHOTOCHEMICAL INDUSTRY 319
- Characteristics of the waste water 319
- Treatment methods 320
- References 322
CHAPTER 26. THE TANNING INDUSTRY 323
- Characteristics of the waste water 323
- Treatment methods 324
- References 326
CHAPTER 27. THE PLASTICS INDUSTRY 329
- Characteristics of the waste water 329
- Biological treatment and chemical precipitation 330
- Other methods 331
- References 332
CHAPTER 28. THE FOODSTUFFS INDUSTRY 333
- General considerations 333
- Spray irrigation of waste water 334
- The starch and potato products industry 338
- Reverse osmosis 338
- The fermentation industry 342
- Fish processing industry 347
- Abattoirs and the meat packing industry 350
- The sugar industry 352
- The dairy industry 355
- Fruit and vegetable processing plants 358
- References 364
CHAPTER 29. THE PULP, PAPER AND WOOD INDUSTRY 367
- Characteristics of the waste water 367
- The manufacture of sulphite and sulphate pulp 368
- Pulp-mill waste water 371
- Paper-mill waste water 372
- Manufacture of hardboard and fibreboard 377
- References 378
CHAPTER 30. WASTE WATER FROM THE MANUFACTURE OF SOAP AND DETERGENTS AND FROM LAUNDRIES 381
- Characteristics of the waste water 381
- Treatment methods 383
- References 386
CHAPTER 31. RADIOACTIVE WASTE WATER 387
- Characteristics of the waste water 387
- Treatment of the waste water 388
- References 390
INDEX 391

Author's affiliation

S.E. Jorgensen: DFH, Environmental Chemistry, University Park

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