The Changing Face of Corruption in the Asia Pacific

Description

The Changing Face of Corruption in the Asia Pacific: Current Perspectives and Future Challenges is a contemporary analysis of corruption in the Asia-Pacific region. Bringing academicians and practitioners together, contributors to this book discuss the current perspectives of corruption’s challenges in both theory and practice, and what the future challenges will be in addressing corruption’s proliferation in the region.

Includes viewpoints from both practitioners and academic contributors on corruption in the Asia Pacific region
Offers a strong theoretical background together with the practical experience of contributors
Explores what the future challenges will be in addressing corruption’s proliferation in the region
Aimed at both the academic and professional audience

Front Cover 2
The Changing Face of Corruption in the Asia Pacific 5
Copyright Page 6
Contents 7
Contributors’ Biographies 15
Foreword 25
1 The changing face of corruption in the Asia-Pacific Region: Its discontents, current perspectives, and future challenges 27
- 1.1 Introduction 27
- 1.2 Part 1: Theoretical discourse on corruption 28
- 1.3 Part 2: Country case studies—corruption around the region 35
- 1.4 Part 3: Future challenges 41
- References 45
- 1.5 Conclusion 45
I. Theoretical Discourse 47

Front Cover 2
The Changing Face of Corruption in the Asia Pacific 5
Copyright Page 6
Contents 7
Contributors’ Biographies 15
Foreword 25
1 The changing face of corruption in the Asia-Pacific Region: Its discontents, current perspectives, and future challenges 27
- 1.1 Introduction 27
- 1.2 Part 1: Theoretical discourse on corruption 28
- 1.3 Part 2: Country case studies—corruption around the region 35
- 1.4 Part 3: Future challenges 41
- References 45
- 1.5 Conclusion 45
I. Theoretical Discourse 47
- 2 Political finance and corruption in Southeast Asia: causes and challenges 49
  - 2.1 Introduction 49
  - 2.2 The costs of competition 50
  - 2.3 Corruption as a result 52
  - 2.4 Factors for rising costs and corruption 53
  - 2.5 Initiatives for reform 56
  - References 58
- 3 The effect of corruption on foreign direct investment inflows: evidence from a panel of Asia-Pacific countries 61
  - 3.1 Introduction 61
  - 3.2 Corruption and FDI: a brief literature review 63
  - 3.3 Corruption and FDI trends in Asia and the Pacific 64
  - 3.4 Data, methodology, and estimation strategy 68
    - 3.4.1 The econometric equation 68
    - 3.4.3 Estimation strategy 69
    - 3.4.2 Data and data source 69
  - 3.5 Results and discussions 72
  - References 78
  - 3.6 Conclusion 78
- 4 The role of multinationals in corruption in the Asia-Pacific region 83
  - 4.1 Introduction 83
  - 4.2 Supply-side and demand-side of corruption markets 84
  - 4.3 Patterns of country corruption in the Asia-Pacific region 86
  - 4.4 Recent instances of MNE misconduct in Asia-Pacific countries 89
  - 4.5 Conclusion 92
  - References 93
- 5 Private and public corruption: facilitating payments 97
  - 5.1 Introduction 97
  - 5.2 Facilitating payments 97
  - 5.3 Why is there petty corruption? 98
  - 5.4 The ethical dimension of facilitating payments 99
  - 5.5 The fight against petty corruption 100
    - 5.5.1 The global strategy against corruption 100
    - 5.5.2 Facilitating payments in the anticorruption strategy 101
    - 5.5.3 The role of companies 102
  - 5.6 Conclusions 103
  - References 103
- 6 It Takes Two People to Tango (or more!): the corrupt and debased culture of neoliberalism 107
  - 6.1 Introduction 107
  - 6.2 Corruption as a moral deflection device? 110
  - 6.3 Neoliberal orthodoxy 112
  - References 115
  - 6.4 Conclusion 115
- 7 Corruption, corporate governance, and building institutions in the Asia-Pacific 119
  - 7.2 Unpredictable corruption 119
  - 7.1 Corruption 119
  - 7.3 Low-level opportunistic payoffs or petty corruption 120
  - 7.4 Grand or systemic corruption 122
  - 7.5 Corruption and poverty 123
  - 7.6 Corporate governance 124
  - 7.7 Building corporate governance institutions 126
  - 7.8 Institutions and economic development 129
  - 7.9 Politicized institutions 130
  - 7.10 Corporate governance and corruption 131
  - 7.11 Conclusion 132
  - References 133
- II. Country Case Studies 135
  - 8 27 Years of fraud control in the New South Wales public sector: 1989–2016 137
    - 8.1 Introduction 137
    - 8.2 Public management 101 137
    - 8.3 Establishing a policy on fraud prevention – first origins 138
    - 8.4 First attempts at implementation 140
      - 8.4.1 A model emerges 140
      - 8.4.2 A community of practice emerges 142
      - 8.4.3 Monitoring progress over the long term 142
    - 8.5 Embedding a testing methodology 145
    - 8.6 Light on the hill 147
    - 8.7 Ethical framework 147
    - 8.9 Responsibility structures 149
    - 8.8 Future directions and expectations 149
    - Further reading 151
    - 8.10 Conclusion 151
  - 9 Money laundering activities in Australia—an examination of the push and pull factors driving money flows 153
    - 9.1 Introduction 153
    - 9.2 A typology of money laundering 157
      - 9.2.1 Stages of money laundering 157
      - 9.2.2 Typologies 158
    - 9.3 Calibrating the effects of the push and pull factors on money laundering activities 161
    - 9.4 Methodology 162
      - 9.4.1 Dependent variables 162
      - 9.4.2 Dependent Variable Construction 163
      - 9.4.3 Ordered logit model estimation 164
    - 9.5 Results 165
      - 9.5.1 When push factors dominate 166
      - 9.5.2 When pull factors dominate 167
    - 9.6 Conclusion 169
    - References 170
    - Appendix A – 144 countries 170
  - 10 Corruption in New Zealand: a case of reputational erosion? 175
    - 10.1 Introduction 175
    - 10.2 New Zealand, the Corruption Perceptions Index, and changing national perceptions 176
    - 10.3 A challenge to complacency? policing, transparency, and international trusts 177
    - 10.4 Ratifying the UNCAC: why so long? 182
    - 10.5 How does change for the worse occur? 184
    - 10.6 Conclusion: a need for more scrutiny and less complacency 188
    - Endnotes 189
    - References 190
  - 11 The limits of anticorruption in China 193
    - 11.1 Introduction 193
    - 11.2 Institutional and legal frameworks 194
      - 11.2.1 The legal framework 194
        
        11.2.1.1 Indictments regarding officials 194
        
        11.2.1.2 Indictments regarding the briber 195
        
        11.2.1.2.1 Giving a bribe to an official 195
        
        11.2.1.2.2 Giving a bribe to induce a sale 195
        
        11.2.1.2.3 Preventing corruption in the party-state 195
        
        11.2.2 The anticorruption state institutions 196
        
        11.2.3 The party discipline organs 197
      - 11.3 Selective anticorruption 198
        
        11.3.1 Corruption and popular pressure 198
        
        11.3.2 Xi’s anticorruption campaign 199
        
        11.3.3 Morality in the political discourse 200
      - 11.4 Conclusion 201
      - References 202
    - 12 Governance gridlocks and ubiquitous corruption: charting causes, costs, and consequences of corruption in India 205
      - 12.1 Low governance and high corruption – inextricably interlinked 206
      - 12.2 State capture 209
      - 12.3 Culture 211
      - 12.4 Unbridled corruption in India 213
      - 12.5 Diagnostic study of corruption in India 217
      - 12.6 Bureaucratic corruption 217
      - 12.7 Political corruption 221
      - 12.8 Appraising the impact of corruption on Indian economy 223
      - 12.9 Measures against corruption 226
      - References 230
    - 13 Competing for public acquaintances: the case of the Reliance group in India 235
      - 13.1 Introduction 235
      - 13.2 The rise of a conglomerate in a changing environment 236
        
        13.2.1 1966–91: The birth and growth of Reliance 236
        
        13.2.2 1991 Onward: the shock of economic reforms and the expansion of Reliance 237
        
        13.2.3 2002 Onward: the death of the founder and the legacy struggle 238
      - 13.3 The levers of Reliance expansion 239
        
        13.3.1 Making friends with pivotal people 239
        
        13.3.2 An ordinary Indian business house? 240
        
        13.3.3 Professionalizing the management? 242
      - 13.4 Conclusion 243
      - References 244
    - 14 Corruption in Vietnam: the current situation and proposed solutions 247
      - 14.1 Definitions 248
      - 14.2 The characteristics of corruption 248
        
        14.2.1 The subject of corruption is the person who holds the position and power 248
        
        14.2.2 The subject of corruption abuses their positions and powers assigned 249
        
        14.2.3 The purpose of corrupt act is a private gain 249
      - 14.3 The acts of corruption under the provisions of the current law 250
      - 14.4 Current situations of corruption in Vietnam 252
      - 14.5 Solutions to prevent corruption 254
      - 14.6 Conclusion 256
      - References 256
    - 15 Corruption in Myanmar: insights from business and education 259
      - 15.1 Antecedents: culture, development, and rule 260
      - 15.2 Organizational manifestations 261
        
        15.2.1 Recruitment 262
        
        15.2.2 Management, treatment, and appraisal 262
        
        15.2.3 Business bids, government tenders 263
        
        15.2.4 Setting up: connections, ethics, and partnerships 264
        
        15.2.5 Customers/students and customs officials 265
      - 15.3 Looking forward 266
      - References 267
    - 16 From credible threats to credible commitments? the changing face of South Korean corruption 269
      - 16.1 Introduction 269
      - 16.2 Why no credible commitment? 271
      - 16.3 Understanding postmiracle corruptions 273
      - 16.4 How to dismantle credible threats: suggestions 275
      - 16.5 Conclusion 276
      - References 276
    - 17 Indonesia’s anticorruption campaign: civil society versus the political cartel 279
      - 17.1 Introduction 279
      - 17.2 Anticorruption reform 280
      - 17.3 Political cartel 282
      - 17.4 Resistance against KPK 284
      - 17.5 Enabling factors of civil society success 288
      - 17.6 Conclusion 290
      - References 290
    - 18 The road to nowhere: the rise of a neo-patrimonialist state in East Timor 293
      - 18.1 Introduction 293
      - 18.2 Background 294
      - 18.3 Political transformation 295
      - 18.4 The emergence of a clientelist state 296
      - 18.5 The centralization of power 297
      - 18.6 Rational-legal institutions 299
      - 18.7 The road to nowhere 300
      - 18.8 Made in Jakarta? 301
      - References 303
      - 18.9 Conclusion 303
    - 19 The politics of Australian anticorruption policy to Papua New Guinea 307
      - 19.1 Introduction 307
      - 19.2 Promises, promises: Australia’s new aid/anticorruption paradigm 308
      - 19.3 The politics of corruption and anticorruption in PNG 309
      - 19.4 Australia’s response 311
      - 19.5 International and local responses 314
      - 19.6 Conclusions 315
      - References 316
    - III. Future Challenges 321
      - 20 Business feeling the strain: the changing world of anticorruption and beyond 323
        
        20.1 Introduction 323
        
        20.2 Background—where it all began 324
        
        20.3 Next step—exporting the foreign bribery prohibition 325
        
        20.4 What does this mean for business? 329
        
        20.4.1 Compliance requirements 329
        
        20.4.2 Due diligence and third parties 333
        
        20.4.3 Due diligence and acquisitions 334
        
        20.5 But wait, there’s more 335
        
        20.6 Conclusion 336
        
        References 337
      - 21 Is it as simple as ABC? a practitioner’s perspective on anti-bribery compliance 339
        
        21.1 Introduction 339
        
        21.3 International guidances 340
        
        21.2 The heterogeneous private sector 340
        
        21.4 Organizational leadership and culture 341
        
        21.5 The importance of governance arrangements to compliance 342
        
        21.6 Corruption risk assessments 343
        
        21.7 Dealing with gifts and entertainment 343
        
        21.8 Third parties 345
        
        21.9 Facilitation payments 346
        
        21.10 Clear communication and training strategies 347
        
        21.11 An ethical organization 348
        
        21.12 Organizational response to bribery allegations 349
        
        21.13 Conclusion 349
        
        Endnotes 350
        
        References 351
      - 22 Petty corruption in developing countries: here for the long term 353
        
        22.1 Introduction 353
        
        22.3 Inadequate legal structures and services 356
        
        22.4 Poorly drafted legislation, regulations, and procedures 356
        
        22.2 Low civil service salaries 356
        
        References 359
        
        22.5 Conclusion 359
      - 23 Corruption in the family: financial abuse of older people in Australia 361
        
        23.2 Definition of corruption in the family 361
        
        23.1 Introduction 361
        
        23.3 Defining financial abuse of the elderly 362
        
        23.4 Size of the problem in Australia 364
        
        23.5 The mechanisms of corruption 366
        
        23.6 Examples of corruption against older people 367
        
        23.7 Difficulties in detecting abuse 370
        
        23.8 Inadequacies in the current system and possible mechanisms for overcoming corruption against older Australians 371
        
        23.9 Education and public awareness campaigns 372
        
        23.9.1 Daily money management 372
        
        23.9.2 Mandatory reporting 372
        
        23.10 Mandatory response 374
        
        23.11 Whistle-blower legislation 374
        
        23.12 Guardianship and enduring power of attorney 375
        
        23.13 Conclusion 376
        
        References 376
      - 24 Moral corruption in a climate of vulnerability: assessing COP21 381
        
        24.1 Introduction 381
        
        24.2 The perfect moral storm of climate change and moral corruption 382
        
        24.2.1 The global storm 382
        
        24.2.2 The intergenerational storm 383
        
        24.2.3 The theoretical storm 385
        
        24.2.4 Moral corruption 387
        
        24.3 The Paris Agreement 389
        
        24.4 Vulnerability and moral discord 390
        
        24.4.1 That is what makes it difficult 392
        
        References 392
      - 25 Future directions for research into corruption and anticorruption practice 395
        
        25.1 Introduction 395
        
        25.2 Political corruption 396
        
        25.3 Institutions and bureaucratic corruption 397
        
        25.4 Civil society and technology 399
        
        25.5 The role of business 400
        
        25.6 Conclusion 401
        
        References 402
      - Index 405
      - Back Cover 419

Author's affiliation

Chris Rowley: Director of Research and Publications, HEAD F
Marie dela Rama: Management Academic at the UTS Business School, Sydney, Australia

Current Perspectives and Future Challenges

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