The African and Arabian Moringa Species

Description

The African and Arabian Moringa Species: Chemistry, Bioactivity and Therapeutic Applications reviews the botany, socioeconomic significance and underlying chemistry of these interesting plants. The book begins by addressing the botanical and socioeconomic aspect of M. stenopetala, one of the most widely cultivated species within the genus. Next, it reviews the chemistry of the plant, with a systematic presentation covering the seed oil, various secondary metabolites, and issues relating to quality control. Final sections address the chemistry behind the reported use of the plant for the management of various diseases, highlighting potential antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anticancer properties and more.

Other African and Arabian Moringa species, from their botany, to their chemical and pharmacological profiles are also included. Drawing on the author’s latest research and the most current literature in the field, this book is an invaluable guide for researchers in medicinal chemistry, herbal medicine, drug discovery/development, and plant derived natural products within both industry and academic environments.

Outlines the botanical description, traditional uses and socioeconomic significance of the African and Arabian Moringa plants
Exhaustively discusses the chemistry of these plants to highlight secondary metabolites and methodologies for their isolation, identification and quality control
Discusses the future potential of the plants and their chemical components for various disease conditions

Front Cover 2
The African and Arabian Moringa Species 5
Copyright Page 6
Contents 7
About the Author 13
Preface 15
Acknowledgments 17
I. Botanical, Ecological & Socioeconomic Perspectives 19
- 1 Moringa stenopetala—Botanical and Ecological Perspectives 21
  - 1.1 Taxonomy and Botanical Nomenclature 21
  - 1.2 Morphological and Habitat Characteristics 26
  - 1.3 Growing M. stenopetala 29
  - References 30
- 2 Moringa stenopetala—Socioeconomic Significance 31
  - 2.1 Human Food 31

Front Cover 2
The African and Arabian Moringa Species 5
Copyright Page 6
Contents 7
About the Author 13
Preface 15
Acknowledgments 17
I. Botanical, Ecological & Socioeconomic Perspectives 19
- 1 Moringa stenopetala—Botanical and Ecological Perspectives 21
  - 1.1 Taxonomy and Botanical Nomenclature 21
  - 1.2 Morphological and Habitat Characteristics 26
  - 1.3 Growing M. stenopetala 29
  - References 30
- 2 Moringa stenopetala—Socioeconomic Significance 31
  - 2.1 Human Food 31
  - 2.2 Animal Fodder 35
  - 2.3 Medicinal Use 38
  - 2.4 Seed Oil 42
  - 2.5 Other Uses 43
  - 2.6 Introducing M. stenopetala in Non-Native Areas 44
  - References 46
- II. The Chemistry of Moringa stenopetala 49
  - 3 The Chemistry of Moringa stenopetala Seed Oils 51
    - 3.1 The Chemistry of Moringa stenopetala Seeds Oils—Fixed Oils 51
      - 3.1.1 Extraction Methodologies 51
      - 3.1.2 Chemical Compositions of Fixed Oils 53
      - 3.1.3 Nontriglyceride Components of Fixed Oils 55
        
        3.1.3.1 Free Fatty Acids 58
        
        3.1.3.2 Pigments 58
        
        3.1.3.3 Sterols 59
        
        3.1.3.4 Tocopherols 59
      - 3.1.4 Chemical Characteristics of M. stenopetala Fixed Oils 59
    - 3.2 The Chemistry of M. stenopetala Seed Oil—Essential Oils 62
      - 3.2.1 Biosynthetic Perspectives 62
      - 3.2.2 Essential Oil Components of M. stenopetala Seeds 63
    - References 65
  - 4 The Chemistry of Moringa stenopetala—Nonoil Components 67
    - 4.1 Glucosinolates 67
      - 4.1.1 Structural Consideration 67
      - 4.1.2 Occurrence in Plants 67
      - 4.1.3 Glucosinolates in Moringa stenopetala 68
    - 4.2 GSL-Derived Compounds 69
    - 4.3 Flavonoids 70
    - 4.4 Quinic Acid Derivatives 74
    - References 75
  - 5 Quality Control and Chemical Profiling of Moringa stenopetala 77
    - 5.1 Fixed Oils of the Seeds 77
    - 5.2 Essential Oil of the Seeds 78
    - 5.3 Leaves 82
    - 5.4 Seeds—Nonoil Components 85
    - 5.5 Spectroscopic Profile of M. stenopetala Marker Compounds 89
      - 5.5.1 Rutin 89
      - 5.5.3 Glucomoringin 96
      - 5.5.4 Glucomoringin Isothiocyanate (Moringin) 96
      - 5.5.2 Neochlorogenic Acid 96
    - References 106
  - III. The Science Behind the Multipurpose Usage of Moringa stenopetala 107
    - 6 The Pharmacology of Moringa stenopetala: Toxicology Aspects 109
      - 6.1 Glucosinolates—Bioavailability 109
      - 6.2 Glucosinolates and Goiter 109
      - 6.4 Potential Toxicity of Moringa stenopetala GSLs 112
        
        6.4.1 Molecular Mechanisms 112
        
        6.4.2 Animal Toxicity Studies 113
        
        6.4.3 In Vitro Studies 114
      - 6.3 GSLs as Defense Chemicals 112
      - References 114
    - 7 The Pharmacology of Moringa stenopetala—Antioxidant Mechanisms 117
      - 7.1 Oxidants and Reactive Oxygen Species 117
      - 7.2 The Damages Done by ROS 119
      - 7.3 Antioxidant Defenses 121
      - 7.4 Oxidative Stress and Diseases 122
      - 7.5 Antioxidant Compounds of M. stenopetala and Their Mechanisms of Action 123
      - 7.6 Isolation of the Antioxidant Compounds From the Leaves of M. stenopetala 126
      - 7.7 Antioxidant Mechanisms of the Principal Active Constituents of M. stenopetala 130
      - References 131
    - 8 The Pharmacology of Moringa stenopetala: Antimicrobial Effects 135
      - 8.1 Antibacterial Effects 135
      - 8.2 Antiprotozoal Effects 138
      - References 140
    - 9 The Pharmacology of Moringa stenopetala—Effects on Diabetes and Associated Diseases 143
      - 9.1 Overview of Diabetes and Associated Diseases 143
        
        9.1.1 Diabetes 143
        
        9.1.2 Obesity 144
        
        9.1.3 Cardiovascular Diseases 144
        
        9.1.4 Neuroprotective Effects 144
      - 9.2 Antidiabetic Effect of M. stenopetala 145
        
        9.2.1 Evidence From Animal Experiments 145
        
        9.2.3 Mechanism Through Inhibition of Carbohydrate Digestion 147
        
        9.2.2 Antioxidant Mechanisms of Action 147
        
        9.2.4 Inhibition of Glucose Uptake as Antidiabetic Mechanism 149
        
        9.2.5 Modulation of Pancreatic Cell Function 151
      - 9.3 Antihyperlipidemic Effect of M. stenopetala 152
      - 9.4 Vascular Effects of M. stenopetala 153
      - 9.5 Neuroprotective and Other Effects 155
      - References 156
      - Further Reading 160
    - 10 The Pharmacology of Moringa stenopetala—Potential Anticancer Effects 161
      - 10.1 Glucosinolates and Their Hydrolysis Products as Anticancer Agents 161
        
        10.1.1 Possible Mechanism of Action: Inhibition of Cytochrome P-450 Enzymes (Phase I Enzymes) 162
        
        10.1.2 Possible Mechanism of Action: Induction of Phase 2 Enzymes 163
        
        10.1.3 Possible Mechanism of Action: Direct Antitumor Activities 164
        
        10.1.4 Possible Mechanism of Action: Inhibition of Angiogenesis 165
        
        10.1.5 Possible Mechanism of Action: Other Mechanisms 166
      - 10.2 Rutin and Cancer 167
        
        10.2.1 Direct Antiproliferative Effect 167
        
        10.2.2 Inhibition of Carcinogenesis 167
        
        10.2.3 Inhibition of Angiogenesis and Metastasis 168
      - References 169
      - Further Reading 172
    - 11 The Science Behind the Use of Moringa stenopetala Seeds for Water Purification 173
      - 11.1 Usage for Drinking Water Purification: Historical Perspectives 173
      - 11.2 Mechanisms of Flocculation 175
      - 11.3 Usage for Industrial Waste Water Management and Other Unexplored Potentials 178
      - References 181
      - Further Reading 183
    - IV. Other Moringa Species Indigenous to Africa and the Arabian/Persian Region 185
      - 12 Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori.: Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Socioeconomic Significance 187
        
        12.1 Occurrence, Botany, and Significance 187
        
        12.2 Antiinflammatory, Analgesic, and Anticancer Effects 189
        
        12.3 Antihypertensive Effect 192
        
        12.4 Antidiabetic and Lipid Lowering Properties 193
        
        12.5 Memory Enhancement Effect 194
        
        12.6 Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities 195
        
        12.7 Antitrypanosomal Activity 197
        
        12.9 Antispasmodic Effect 199
        
        12.8 Antioxidant Effects 199
        
        12.10 Other Glucosinolate Products With Potential Biological Activity 200
        
        12.11 Seed Oils of M. peregrina 200
        
        12.11.1 Biodiesel Applications 200
        
        12.11.2 Chemical Composition of the Seed Oil 201
        
        12.12 Water Purification/Flocculent Effects 202
        
        References 203
        
        Further Reading 210
      - 13 Other Moringa Species Endemic to Africa 211
        
        13.1 Brief Introduction 211
        
        13.2 Moringa arborea Verdc. 211
        
        13.3 Moringa borziana Mattei 212
        
        13.4 Moringa drouhardii Jum. 213
        
        13.5 Moringa hildebrandtii Engl. 215
        
        13.6 Moringa longituba Engl. 217
        
        13.7 Moringa ovalifolia Dinter & Berger. 218
        
        13.8 Moringa pygmaea Verdc. 220
        
        13.9 M. rivae Chiov. 222
        
        13.10 Moringa ruspoliana Engl. 222
        
        References 224
      - Index 227
      - Back Cover 233

Author's affiliation

Solomon Habtemariam: Principle Lecturer and Director of Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories & Herbal Analysis Services, University of Greenwich, UK

Chemistry, Bioactivity and Therapeutic Applications

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Author's affiliation