Environment Modeling-Based Requirements Engineering for Software Intensive Systems

Description

Environment Modeling-Based Requirements Engineering for Software Intensive Systems provides a new and promising approach for engineering the requirements of software-intensive systems, presenting a systematic, promising approach to identifying, clarifying, modeling, deriving, and validating the requirements of software-intensive systems from well-modeled environment simulations. In addition, the book presents a new view of software capability, i.e. the effect-based software capability in terms of environment modeling.

Provides novel and systematic methodologies for engineering the requirements of software-intensive systems
Describes ontologies and easily-understandable notations for modeling software-intensive systems
Analyzes the functional and non-functional requirements based on the properties of the software surroundings
Provides an essential, practical guide and formalization tools for the task of identifying the requirements of software-intensive systems
Gives system analysts and requirements engineers insight into how to recognize and structure the problems of developing software-intensive systems

Front Cover 2
Environment Modeling-Based Requirements Engineering for Software Intensive Systems 3
Environment Modeling-Based Requirements Engineering for Software Intensive Systems 5
Copyright 6
Contents 7
About the Author 13
Preface 15
- ORGANIZATION 15
Acknowledgments 17
1 - Background 19
- 1 - Requirements and Requirements Engineering∗∗This chapter serves to deliver general background knowledge about re ... 21
  - 1.1 REQUIREMENTS 21
    - 1.1.1 SYSTEM LEVEL VERSUS FUNCTION LEVEL 22
    - 1.1.3 PROBLEM VERSUS SOLUTION 23
    - 1.1.2 “WHAT” VERSUS “HOW” 23

Front Cover 2
Environment Modeling-Based Requirements Engineering for Software Intensive Systems 3
Environment Modeling-Based Requirements Engineering for Software Intensive Systems 5
Copyright 6
Contents 7
About the Author 13
Preface 15
- ORGANIZATION 15
Acknowledgments 17
1 - Background 19
- 1 - Requirements and Requirements Engineering∗∗This chapter serves to deliver general background knowledge about re ... 21
  - 1.1 REQUIREMENTS 21
    - 1.1.1 SYSTEM LEVEL VERSUS FUNCTION LEVEL 22
    - 1.1.3 PROBLEM VERSUS SOLUTION 23
    - 1.1.2 “WHAT” VERSUS “HOW” 23
    - 1.1.4 SUMMARY 24
  - 1.2 REQUIREMENTS ENGINEERING 24
  - 1.3 THREE DIMENSIONS OF REQUIREMENTS ENGINEERING 27
- 2 - Requirements Engineering Methodologies 31
  - 2.1 METAPHOR: “TO-BE SYSTEM IS FOR AUTOMATICALLY MEASURING AND CONTROLLING THE REALITY” 32
  - 2.2 METAPHOR: “TO-BE SYSTEM IS FOR FULFILLING REAL-WORLD GOALS THAT STAKEHOLDERS WANT TO ACHIEVE” 34
  - 2.3 METAPHOR: “TO-BE SYSTEM IS FOR IMPROVING THE DEPENDENCIES AMONG INTENTIONAL ACTORS” 36
  - 2.4 METAPHOR: “TO-BE SYSTEM IS FOR ENHANCING THE AS-IS SYSTEM USAGE EXPERIENCE” 40
  - 2.5 METAPHOR: “TO-BE SYSTEM IS FOR ESTABLISHING RELATIONSHIPS AMONG PHENOMENA OF REALITY” 42
  - 2.6 SUMMARY 45
- 3 - Importance of Interactive Environment 47
  - 3.1 SOFTWARE-INTENSIVE SYSTEMS 47
  - 3.2 CHALLENGES TO REQUIREMENTS ENGINEERING 49
    - 3.2.1 INCREASING SIZE AND COMPLEXITY 49
    - 3.2.3 SITUATION AWARENESS AND ADAPTATION 51
    - 3.2.2 OPEN AND NONDETERMINISTIC ENVIRONMENT 51
    - 3.2.4 INNOVATION-ENABLED REQUIREMENTS 52
  - 3.3 ENVIRONMENT, REQUIREMENTS, AND SPECIFICATION 52
    - 3.3.1 RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE THREE 53
    - 3.3.2 ENVIRONMENT PROPERTIES IS THE FIRST CITIZEN 54
      - 3.3.2.2 Second, Environment Properties Constitute the Context of the Problem 54
      - 3.3.2.1 First, Requirements Are the Problem That Is Expected to Be Solved 54
      - 3.3.2.3 Third, the System Is a Candidate Solution for Solving the Problem Within the Context 55
    - 3.3.3 INTERFACES ARE ANOTHER CONCERN 55
    - 3.3.4 SUMMARY 56
  - Part One References 59
- 2 - Ontology and System-Interactive Environment Ontology 61
  - 4 - Ontology-Oriented Interactive Environment Modeling 63
    - 4.1 ONTOLOGY AND ONTOLOGIES 63
      - 4.1.1 BACKGROUND 63
      - 4.1.2 DIFFERENT VIEWPOINTS ON ONTOLOGY 65
      - 4.1.3 COMMON STRUCTURE OF ONTOLOGY 67
    - 4.2 TYPES OF ONTOLOGIES 70
    - 4.3 ONTOLOGY-ORIENTED DOMAIN MODELING 71
      - 4.3.1 THE PROCESS FOR ONTOLOGY-ORIENTED DOMAIN MODELING 71
      - 4.3.2 THE STRUCTURE FOR DOMAIN ONTOLOGY 73
    - 4.4 TOP-LEVEL ENVIRONMENT ONTOLOGY 74
      - 4.4.1 SOFTWARE SYSTEM PROBLEM AND ITS LOCATION 74
      - 4.4.2 CONCEPT CATEGORIES AND ASSOCIATIONS OF SYSTEM ENVIRONMENT 76
    - 4.5 DOMAIN ENVIRONMENT ONTOLOGY 79
      - 4.5.1 CONCEPTUALIZATION OF ENVIRONMENT ENTITIES 79
      - 4.5.2 FORMALIZATION OF ENVIRONMENT ENTITY 81
      - 4.5.3 DEPENDENCY BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT ENTITIES 82
    - 5 - Domain Environment Ontology Construction 87
      - 5.1 DOMAIN ENVIRONMENT MODELING VIA KNOWLEDGE ENGINEERING 87
      - 5.2 DOMAIN ENVIRONMENT ONTOLOGY CONSTRUCTION 91
      - 5.3 AUTOMATIC DOMAIN ENVIRONMENT ONTOLOGY CONSTRUCTION 93
        
        ALGORITHM 5.1. CONSTRUCTING BASIC STATE MACHINES 94
        
        ALGORITHM 5.2. CONSTRUCTING DOMAIN TREE-BASED HIERARCHICAL STATE MACHINE IN TERMS OF THE INHERITANCE RELATIONSHIP 95
        
        ALGORITHM 5.3. CONSTRUCTING DOMAIN TREE-BASED HIERARCHICAL STATE MACHINE IN TERMS OF THE COMPONENT RELATIONSHIP 96
      - 5.4 ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF DOMAIN ENVIRONMENT ONTOLOGY 98
      - 5.5 SUMMARY 102
    - 6 - Feature Model of Domain Environment 103
      - 6.1 FEATURE MODEL AND FEATURE CONFIGURATION 103
        
        6.1.1 PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS IN FEATURE MODEL 104
        
        6.1.2 FEATURE CONFIGURATION AND SOFTWARE SYSTEM FEATURE MODEL 106
      - 6.2 ENVIRONMENT FEATURE MODEL 107
        
        6.2.1 FEATURES FOR ENVIRONMENT CONCEPTUALIZATION 108
        
        6.2.2 HIERARCHY OF ENVIRONMENT FEATURE MODEL 109
        
        6.2.3 ENVIRONMENT FEATURE CONFIGURATION 111
      - 6.3 GOAL FEATURE MODEL 111
        
        6.3.1 AUTONOMOUS ENTITY AND INTENTIONAL PROPERTY 111
        
        6.3.2 INTENTIONAL GOAL AND GOAL FEATURE MODEL 112
        
        6.3.3 HIERARCHY OF GOAL FEATURE MODELS 114
      - 6.4 SUMMARY 116
    - Part Two References 117
      - FURTHER READING 117
    - 3 - Environment Modeling-Based System Capability 119
      - 7 - Effect-Oriented System Capability 121
        
        7.1 CAPABILITY SPECIFICATION OF SEMANTIC WEB SERVICES 122
        
        7.1.1 CAPABILITY DESCRIPTION IN WEB ONTOLOGY LANGUAGE FOR SERVICES66SEE FOOTNOTE 3. 124
        
        7.1.2 WEB SERVICE MODELING IN WEB SERVICE MODELING ONTOLOGY99SEE FOOTNOTE 4. 126
        
        7.1.3 SUMMARY OF THE WEB SERVICE CAPABILITY DESCRIPTION 129
        
        7.2 EFFECT-BASED CAPABILITY MODEL 130
        
        7.2.1 EFFECT UPON THE INTERACTIVE ENVIRONMENT 131
        
        7.2.2 SYSTEM CAPABILITY CONCEPTUALIZATION 133
        
        7.3 SYSTEM CAPABILITY PROFILE 136
        
        7.3.1 CAPABILITY PROFILE 136
        
        7.3.2 AN EXAMPLE CAPABILITY PROFILE 139
        
        7.3.3 CAPABILITY SPECIFICATION GENERATION 141
        
        7.4 SUMMARY 142
      - 8 - Reasoning I: System Capability Comparison and Composition 145
        
        8.1 RELATED WORK IN SERVICE-ORIENTED COMPUTING 145
        
        8.1.1 STANDARD LANGUAGES ENABLING MATCHMAKING 146
        
        8.1.2 SYNTACTIC SIMILARITY-BASED MATCHMAKING 147
        
        8.1.3 BEHAVIOR-BASED INTELLIGENT MATCHMAKING 148
        
        8.1.4 SERVICE COMPOSITION 149
        
        8.2 ENVIRONMENT MODELING-BASED CAPABILITY COMPARISON 150
        
        8.2.1 REQUIRED CAPABILITY 150
        
        8.2.2 CONTEXT SIMILARITY 152
        
        8.2.3 EFFECT COMPARISON 154
        
        8.3 ENVIRONMENT MODELING-BASED CAPABILITY COMPOSITION 157
        
        8.4 SUMMARY 162
      - 9 - Reasoning II: System Capability Refinement 163
        
        9.1 GUIDED PROCESS FOR SCENARIO DESCRIPTION 164
        
        9.1.1 THE PROCESS 165
        
        9.1.2 AN EXAMPLE 168
        
        9.2 SCENARIO-BASED CAPABILITY PROJECTION 172
        
        9.2.1 PRELIMINARY 173
        
        9.2.2 WELL-FORMED SCENARIO (JIN ET AL., 2009) 174
        
        9.2.3 HEURISTIC STRATEGIES FOR SCENARIO ELABORATION (JIN ET AL., 2009) 174
        
        9.2.4 PROJECTION UPON WELL-FORMED SCENARIO 178
        
        9.3 SUMMARY 183
      - 10 - Reasoning III: System Capability Aggregation 185
        
        10.1 PRINCIPLES AND ARCHITECTURE 186
        
        10.1.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES 186
        
        10.1.2 ARCHITECTURE 187
        
        10.2 REQUIREMENTS-DRIVEN AGENT AGGREGATION 189
        
        10.2.1 CAPABILITY PROJECTION REPHRASING 189
        
        10.2.2 CAPABILITY REALIZATION PATTERN 190
        
        10.2.3 CAPABILITY AGGREGATION: NOTATIONS 191
        
        10.2.4 CAPABILITY AGGREGATION: MECHANISM DESIGN 193
        
        10.2.5 CAPABILITY AGGREGATION: BENEVOLENT OBJECTIVE FUNCTION 196
        
        10.3 CAPABILITY ASSIGNMENT PROBLEM (TANG AND JIN, 2010) 198
        
        10.3.1 PROBLEM DEFINITION 198
        
        10.3.2 NORMATIVE SYSTEMS 200
        
        10.3.3 NEGOTIATION-BASED TASK ASSIGNMENT 202
        
        10.4 SUMMARY 204
      - Part Three References 205
    - 4 - Environment-Related Nonfunctionalities 207
      - 11 - The System Dependability Problem 209
        
        11.1 BACKGROUND AND PRINCIPLES 211
        
        11.1.1 BACKGROUND 211
        
        11.1.2 STATE OF ART 211
        
        11.1.2.1 Unified Model of Dependability 211
        
        11.1.3 PRINCIPLES OF IDENTIFYING DEPENDABILITY REQUIREMENTS 213
        
        11.2 CYBERNETICS AND MODEL OF DEPENDABLE SYSTEMS 214
        
        11.2.1 CYBERNETICS AND CONTROL LOOPS 215
        
        11.2.2 MODEL OF DEPENDABLE SYSTEMS 216
        
        11.3 FUNCTION AND CONTROL CAPABILITY PROFILE CLUSTER REQUIREMENTS ELICITATION AND MODELING 218
        
        11.3.1 FUNCTION AND CONTROL CAPABILITY PROFILE CLUSTER METAMODEL 219
        
        11.3.2 ELICITATION OF DEPENDABILITY REQUIREMENTS 223
        
        11.3.2.1 Hazard and Operability Study–Based Threat and System Behavior Deviation Identification 225
        
        11.3.2.2 Risk Assessment 226
        
        11.3.2.4 Control Capability Specification 228
        
        11.3.2.3 Control Capability Determination 228
        
        11.3.3 CASE STUDY: ONLINE STOCK TRADING SYSTEM 229
        
        11.3.3.1 Eliciting Dependability Requirements by Identifying Needs for Controllers 230
        
        11.4 SUMMARY 233
        
        12 - The System Dynamic Adaptability Concern 235
        
        12.1 DYNAMIC ADAPTATION MECHANISMS 236
        
        12.1.1 RULE-BASED DYNAMIC ADAPTATION 237
        
        12.1.2 GOAL-ORIENTED ADAPTATION MECHANISM 239
        
        12.1.3 CONTROL LOOP–BASED SYSTEM MODEL 240
        
        12.2 MODELING DYNAMIC ADAPTATION CAPABILITY 242
        
        12.2.1 CONFORMANCE AMONG REQ, ENV, AND SPEC AS DYNAMIC ADAPTATION LOGIC 243
        
        12.2.2 STRUCTURING THE ENVIRONMENT 245
        
        12.2.3 CAPABILITY MODEL FOR ADAPTATION MECHANISM 247
        
        12.3 EXPRESSION OF CONFORMANCE-BASED DYNAMICAL ADAPTATION 249
        
        12.3.1 νRULE: SYNTAX AND SEMANTICS 250
        
        12.3.2 CONFORMANCE RELATIONSHIPS BY νRULES 251
        
        12.3.3 FUNCTION IDENTIFICATION ACCORDING TO νRULES-BASED ADAPTATION LOGIC 252
        
        12.4 SUMMARY 256
        
        13 - Other Nonfunctionality Patterns 259
        
        13.1 INTRODUCTION 260
        
        13.1.1 PROBLEM-ORIENTED NONFUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENT PATTERNS 261
        
        13.1.2 STRUCTURE OF A PROBLEM-ORIENTED NONFUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENT PATTERN 261
        
        13.1.3 PROCESS OF USING A PROBLEM-ORIENTED NONFUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENT PATTERN 262
        
        13.2 PROBLEM-ORIENTED NONFUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENT PATTERNS AND THEIR CONCERNS 262
        
        13.2.1 AUTHORIZATION PATTERN 263
        
        13.2.2 BUFFER PATTERN 265
        
        13.2.3 INDEX PATTERN 267
        
        13.2.4 LOG PATTERN 270
        
        13.2.5 PERCEPTION AND REACTION PATTERN 272
        
        13.2.6 ENCRYPTION AND DECRYPTION PATTERN 274
        
        13.3 A CASE STUDY 277
        
        13.4 DISCUSSION 279
        
        Part Four References 281
      - Index 283
        
        B 283
        
        C 283
        
        A 283
        
        D 284
        
        E 285
        
        F 285
        
        G 286
        
        K 286
        
        H 286
        
        L 286
        
        I 286
        
        P 287
        
        N 287
        
        R 287
        
        O 287
        
        M 287
        
        S 288
        
        T 290
        
        W 290
        
        U 290
        
        V 290
      - Back Cover 291

Author's affiliation

Zhi Jin: School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, China

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