Buckwheat Germplasm in the World

Description

Buckwheat Germplasm in the World offers an overview of this globally important crop, including its general characterization and genetic diversity—particularly in Russia, China, India and Eastern Europe. The book presents the latest research on molecular marker development, genetics and phenotype analysis of new wild buckwheat to examine the nutritional values of this pseudocereal crop. Due to its short growth span, ability to grow at high altitudes and the high quality of its protein content, buckwheat is considered an important crop for addressing global food needs. Ideal for researchers and advanced-level students seeking better understanding of the buckwheat germplasm.

Summarizes all the reported and distributed buckwheat species in the world
Offers researchers the ability to exchange resources with each other to breed new cultivars
Classifies buckwheat species based on perennial and annual from their growth span, and self-incompatible or self-compatible from their flower morphology and characterization
Facilitates hybridization of different species

Front Cover 2
Buckwheat Germplasm in the World 5
Copyright Page 6
Contents 7
List of Contributors 17
Foreword by Prof. Ohnishi 21
Foreword by Prof. Fan 23
Foreword by Prof. Park 25
Preface 27
1 Overview of Buckwheat Resources in the World 29
- The Origin and Diffuseness of Cultivated Buckwheat 30
- Germplasm Resources of Buckwheat in the World 31
- The Current Buckwheat Germplasm Research 32
- Characterization and Evaluation 32
- The Research About the Relationship of Fagopyrum Mill 33

Front Cover 2
Buckwheat Germplasm in the World 5
Copyright Page 6
Contents 7
List of Contributors 17
Foreword by Prof. Ohnishi 21
Foreword by Prof. Fan 23
Foreword by Prof. Park 25
Preface 27
1 Overview of Buckwheat Resources in the World 29
- The Origin and Diffuseness of Cultivated Buckwheat 30
- Germplasm Resources of Buckwheat in the World 31
- The Current Buckwheat Germplasm Research 32
- Characterization and Evaluation 32
- The Research About the Relationship of Fagopyrum Mill 33
- Acknowledgments 34
- References 34
- Further Reading 35
2 Classification and Nomenclature of Buckwheat Plants 37
- Taxonomic Position of Fagopyrum 37
- The Species of Fagopyrum 38
- Morphology Key to Species of Fagopyrum 40
- References 47
- Acknowledgments 47
- Further Reading 48
3 Distribution of Cultivated Buckwheat Resources in the World 49
- Introduction 49
  - Fagopyrum esculentum Genetic Resources 50
  - Fagopyrum tataricum Genetic Resourcers 56
- Conclusion 58
- References 59
- Acknowledgments 59
- Further Reading 63
4 Chromosomes and Chromosome Studies in Buckwheat 65
- Introduction 65
- Somatic Chromosomes in Buckwheat 66
- Meiotic Chromosomes in Buckwheat 70
- References 70
5 Description of Cultivated Tartary Buckwheat 73
- The Morphological Descriptions of Fagopyrum tataricum (L) Gaertn 73
- The Collection and Preservation of Fagopyrum tataricum Germplasm Resources 75
- The Profile of Fagopyrum tataricum Cultivation 75
- The Characterization and Evaluation of Fagopyrum tataricum Resources 76
- References 80
- Acknowledgments 80
6 Description of Cultivated Common Buckwheat 81
- Accepted Botanical Names and Synonyms of the Cultivated Species 81
- The Botanical Description 82
- The Cultivation Profile of Common Buckwheat 83
- The Collection and Preservation of Common Buckwheat Germplasm Resources 84
- The Characterization and Evaluation of Common Buckwheat Resources 84
- References 87
- Acknowledgments 87
7 Perennial Self-Incompatible Wild Fagopyrum Species 89
- Fagopyrum cymosum 89
  - The Botanical Description 89
  - Distribution 90
  - The Habitat and Growth Habit 91
- Fagopyrum urophyllum 92
  - The Botanical Description 92
  - Distribution 93
  - The Habitat and Growth Habit 93
- Fagopyrum statice 93
  - The Botanical Description 93
  - The Habitat and Growth Habit 94
  - Distribution 94
- Further Reading 94
- Acknowledgments 94
- Reference 94
8 Perennial Self-Compatible Wild Fagopyrum Species: F. hailuogouense 95
- The Botanical Description 95
- Distribution 96
- Acknowledgments 97
- Reference 97
- The Habitat and Growth Habit 97
9 Annual Self-Incompatible Species 99
- The Species of the Cymosum Group Which Belong to the Category of Annual and Self-Incompatible Species 99
  - Fagopyrum esculentum ssp. ancestrale 99
  - Fagopyrum wenchuanense 101
- The Wild Species of the Urophyllum Group Which Belong to the Category of Annual and Self-Incompatible Species 102
  - Fagopyrum lineare 102
  - Fagopyrum jinshaense 103
  - Fagopyrum gracilipedoides 103
  - Fagopyrum capillatum 105
  - Fagopyrum leptopodum 106
  - Fagopyrum gilesii 106
- References 107
- Acknowledgments 107
10 Annual Self-Compatible Species 109
- Annual Self-Compatible Species in the Cymosum Group 109
  - Fagopyrum tataricum ssp. potanini, the Wild Ancestor of Cultivated Tartary Buckwheat 109
  - Fagopyrum homotropicum, the Wild Self-Fertile Species, Morphologically Similar to Fagopyrum esculentum ssp. ancestrale 111
- Self-Fertile Species of the Urophyllum Group 112
  - Fagopyrum gracilipes 112
  - Fagopyrum crispatifolium 114
  - Fagopyrum rubifolium 114
- References 115
- Acknowledgments 115
- Further Reading 116
11 Annual Partially Self-Fertile Species 117
- Fagopyrum pleioramosum 121
- Fagopyrum macrocarpum 121
- Fagopyrum callianthum 121
- Fagopyrum luojishanense 122
- Fagopyrum pugense 122
- Fagopyrum qiangcai 122
- Acknowledgments 123
- References 123
12 Useful Genetic Resources Among the Wild Species of Buckwheat 125
- Introduction 125
- Useful Genetic Germplasm Among the Wild Species in the Cymosum Group 126
  - Fagopyrum esculentum ssp. ancestrale 126
  - F. tataricum ssp. potanini, the Wild Ancestor of Cultivated Tartary Buckwheat 129
  - Fagopyrum homotropicum, the Wild Self-Fertile Species 130
  - Fagopyrum cymosum, Wild Perennial Buckwheat 131
  - Fagopyrum cymosum ssp. pillus=Fagopyrum pillus Chen 132
  - Fagopyrum cymosum Tetraploid Form in China and Fagopyrum dibotris Hara in the Himalayan Hills 133
  - Genetic Resources Among the Species in the Uropyllum Group 134
    - Fagopyrum urophyllum and associated species, Fagopyrum lineare and Fagopyrum jinshaense 134
    - Fagopyrum statice–Fagopyrum leptopodum complex 135
    - Three new species in the upper Min river valley 135
    - 2x–4x complex of Fagopyrum capillatum and of Fagopyrum gracilipedoides 135
  - The Newly Found Species by Chinese Scientists 136
  - References 137
  - Further Reading 139
- Classification of the Wild Fagopyrum Species 126
- 13 Utilization of Wild Buckwheat Species 141
  - The Nutritional Values 141
    - The Protein Contents 141
    - The Contents and Compositions of Amino Acids 142
    - The Minerals and Vitamins 144
  - The Main Phytochemical Composition and Pharmacological Functions 146
    - The Contents of Flavonoids and Its Main Compositions 146
    - Phenolics 147
    - Other Compounds 148
    - The Pharmacological Functions 148
    - Triterpenoids 148
  - Reasonable Use of Wild Buckwheats 149
    - Health Foods and Drinks 149
    - Medical Value 150
    - Feeding Value 151
  - Acknowledgments 151
  - References 151
  - Further Reading 153
- 14 Buckwheat Genetic Resources in Central Europe 155
  - Introduction 155
  - The Purpose of Collecting and the Methods of Conserving Buckwheat Genetic Resources in Europe 158
    - Reasons for Collecting Slovenian Populations of Common and Tartary Buckwheat and Tasks of the Gene Bank 158
    - Determining Germination of Stored Accessions 160
    - Multiplication of Accessions 165
    - Evaluation of the Data Collected on Accessions 167
    - Describing the Accessions Through Descriptors 167
  - Conclusion 170
  - Acknowledgment 171
  - References 171
- 15 Existing Variability and Future Prospects of Buckwheat Germplasm in the Indian Himalayan Tract 173
  - Introduction 173
  - Distribution 174
  - Diversity 175
    - Morphology and Growth Parameters 175
    - Cytological Variability 178
    - Physiochemical and Molecular Variability 181
    - Susceptibility to Diseases 184
  - Diagnostic Characteristics 175
  - Germplasm Conservation and Varietal Improvement 184
  - References 186
  - Future Prospects 186
  - Acknowledgments 186
  - Further Reading 188
- 16 Screening of Common Buckwheat Genetic Resources for Recessive Genes 189
  - Introduction 189
  - Recessive Genes in the Population 189
  - Recessive Genes Affecting Starch Synthesis, A Case Study 190
  - Self-Fertilization in Buckwheat Population, A Case Study 191
  - Conclusion 192
  - A Recessive Gene Affecting Determinate Buckwheat Growth Habit, A Case Study 192
  - References 193
  - Acknowledgments 193
- 17 Genetic Polymorphism of Common Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.), Formed from Evolutionary Mutation Reserv... 195
  - Introduction 195
  - Materials and methods 196
  - Results 196
  - Conclusions 204
  - References 206
  - Further Reading 206
- 18 Cultivation of Fagopyrum tataricum and Fagopyrum esculentum in Order to Obtain Raw Material with High Rutin Conten... 207
  - Introduction 207
    - Materials and Methods 208
    - Results and Discussion 209
  - Conclusion 216
  - References 217
- 19 Bioactive Compounds and Their Biofunctional Properties of Different Buckwheat Germplasms for Food Processing 219
  - Nutritional Components 220
  - Elements 223
  - Phenolic Compounds of Buckwheat Extracts 223
  - Buckwheat Flour 225
  - Buckwheat for Food Processing 225
  - Doughs and Pastries 226
  - Perspectives and Conclusions 227
  - Nonbakery Products 227
  - References 228
  - Further Reading 231
- 20 Rutin Content Assessment of Tartary Buckwheat Germplasm Cultivated in Italy 233
  - Introduction 233
  - Buckwheat Varieties and Growing Conditions 234
  - Grain Rutin Content 234
  - References 241
- 21 Correlation Between Grain Yield and Rutin Content in Common Buckwheat Germplasm Cultivated in Southern Italy 243
  - Introduction 243
  - Buckwheat Varieties 244
  - Grain Yield 245
  - Grain Rutin Content 248
  - Relationship Between Grain Yield Potential and Rutin Content of the Grain 250
  - References 251
- 22 Buckwheat Resources in the VIR (Russia) Collection: The Photoperiod Response 253
  - Introduction 253
  - Some Details of the Experiment 254
  - Polymorphism for Photoperiodic Response Among the Collection Accessions 255
  - On the Inheritance of Photoperiodic Sensitivity 258
  - Conclusion 259
  - Photoperiodic Sensitivity and Morphological Characters of Plants 259
  - References 261
- 23 Main Morphological Types of Cultivated Buckwheat Populations in Russia 263
  - Introduction 263
  - Varieties of Traditional Type 263
  - Varieties of Krasnostreletskiy Type 267
  - Varieties With Limited Secondary Branching 273
  - Varieties With Determinate Growth Habit (DET) 273
  - Conclusion 275
  - References 275
  - Further Reading 276
- 24 Interspecific Crosses Between Fagopyrum cymosum and Other Species Through Embryo Culture Techniques 277
  - Introduction 277
  - Materials and Methods 279
  - Results 281
  - Discussion 283
  - References 285
- 25 Cell Cultures of Fagopyrum tataricum as a Source of Biologically Active Phenolic Compounds 287
  - Introduction 287
  - Materials and Methods 288
    - Cell Culture 288
    - Preparation of Methanolic Extracts 289
    - HPLC 289
  - Results 290
  - Discussion 294
  - References 296
- 26 Molecular Genetics of Buckwheat and Its Role in Crop Improvement 299
  - Introduction 299
  - Major Drawbacks 302
  - Importance of Buckwheat in the Present Scenario 302
  - Different Methods Adopted for Crop Improvement of Buckwheat 303
  - Marker Systems Adopted for Elucidating Genetics of Buckwheat 305
  - Marker Assisted Selection and Their Role in Genetic Improvement of Buckwheat 306
  - Role of NGS in Molecular Genetic Studies of Buckwheat 307
  - Future Strategies and Prospects 309
  - References 310
- 27 Complete Chloroplast Genome Sequence of Buckwheat (Fagopyrum spp.) and Its Application in Genome Evolution and... 315
  - Introduction 315
  - Comparative Analysis of Chloroplast Genome 316
  - Divergence Hotspot 317
  - Divergence of Coding Gene Sequence 319
  - Distribution of Tandem Repeats 319
  - Evolution of Fagopyrum tataricum and Fagopyrum esculentum 319
  - Validation of InDel Markers in Buckwheat Germplasm 320
  - References 321
  - Application of InDel Markers to Identify the Trace Amounts in Processed Food 321
- 28 Distribution of Amino Acids in Buckwheat 323
  - Introduction 323
  - Materials and Methods 324
  - Results and Discussion 324
    - General Features of Amino Acids 324
  - Extraction of Free Amino Acids (FAA) 324
  - FAA Analysis 324
  - Comparison of CB and TB 325
  - Free Amino Acid Composition in 2 Buckwheat Species 326
  - References 329
- 29 Inheritance of Self-Compatibility in a Buckwheat Hybrid 331
  - Introduction 331
  - Materials and Methods 332
    - Plant Materials 332
  - Ovule Culture 333
  - Genetic Analysis 334
  - Seed Protein Analysis 334
  - Results and Discussion 334
  - References 340
- 30 Analysis of Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) Landraces of Kore... 343
  - Introduction 343
  - Materials and Methods 344
    - Plant Materials and DNA Extraction 344
    - Assess of Microsatellite Markers 351
    - Data Analyses of Genetic Diversity and Population Structure 352
  - Results and Discussion 352
    - Profile of Microsatellite Markers 352
    - Genetic Diversity and Phylogenetic Relationships 353
    - Population Structure 355
  - Acknowledgment 357
  - References 358
- 31 Applications of Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology in Buckwheat 361
  - Introduction 361
  - In Vitro Plant Regeneration 362
  - Plant Transformation and Biotechnology 363
  - In Vitro Hairy Root Culture for Bioactive Compound Production 364
  - Conclusion 366
  - References 367
  - Further Reading 369

Author's affiliation

Meiliang Zhou: Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Aca
Ivan Kreft: University of Ljubljana/Slovenian Forestry In
Sun-Hee Woo: Laboratory of Plant Breeding & Functional Pro

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