Abiotic Stresses in Wheat

Description

Abiotic Stresses in Wheat: Unfolding the Challenges presents the current challenges, possibilities, and advancements in research-based management strategies for the adaptation of wheat crops under abiotic-stressed growth conditions. This book comprehensively discusses different abiotic stress conditions in wheat, and also covers current trends in their mitigation using advanced tools to develop resilience in wheat crops. Chapters provide insight into the genetic, biochemical, physiological, molecular, and transgenic advances and emerging frontiers for mitigating the effects of wheat abiotic stresses. This text is the first resource to include all abiotic stresses in one volume, providing important translational insights and efficient comparison.

Describes advances in conventional and modern breeding approaches in countering the effect of wheat abiotic stresses
Highlights the role of physiological, biochemical and OMICS strategies
Includes coverage of biotechnological tools such as whole genome sequencing, nanotechnology, and genome editing

Front Cover 2
Abiotic Stresses in Wheat: Unfolding the Challenges 5
Copyright 6
Contents 7
Contributors 15
Chapter 1: Wheat and abiotic stress challenges: An overview 21
- Introduction 21
- Impact of water stress on wheat 22
  - Impact of waterlogging stress on wheat 22
  - Impact of drought stress on wheat 23
- Impact of temperature stress on wheat 24
  - Impact of cold stress on wheat 24
  - Impact of high-temperature stress on wheat 25
- Impact of heavy metal stress in wheat 26
- Impact of salinity stress on wheat 26

Front Cover 2
Abiotic Stresses in Wheat: Unfolding the Challenges 5
Copyright 6
Contents 7
Contributors 15
Chapter 1: Wheat and abiotic stress challenges: An overview 21
- Introduction 21
- Impact of water stress on wheat 22
  - Impact of waterlogging stress on wheat 22
  - Impact of drought stress on wheat 23
- Impact of temperature stress on wheat 24
  - Impact of cold stress on wheat 24
  - Impact of high-temperature stress on wheat 25
- Impact of heavy metal stress in wheat 26
- Impact of salinity stress on wheat 26
- Impact of UV-B-mediated stress in wheat 27
- Conclusion and future perspectives 27
- References 28
- Further reading 33
Chapter 2: Mitigation of abiotic stress tolerance in wheat through conventional breeding 35
- Introduction 35
- Different abiotic stresses that affect wheat production 36
  - Drought stress 36
  - High-temperature stress/heat stress 36
  - Low-temperature stress 38
  - Salinity stress 39
- Sources of abiotic stress resistance gene 40
  - Landraces 40
  - Wild relatives and their progenitors 41
  - Synthetics 41
- Conventional breeding approaches 41
  - Selection and introduction 41
  - Pedigree method 41
  - Backcross method 42
  - Recurrent selection method 42
  - Modified bulk pedigree method 42
  - Mutation breeding 42
  - Population development 43
- Research on abiotic stress mitigation using conventional breeding approaches 43
  - Conventional breeding for heat tolerance 43
  - Conventional breeding for drought tolerance 44
  - Conventional breeding for salt tolerance 44
- Challenges of conventional breeding 45
- Future direction 46
- References 46
Chapter 3: Speed breeding-A powerful tool to breed more crops in less time accelerating crop research 53
- What we have achieved? 53
- Introduction 53
- Methods to reduce the generation time 54
- Plant breeding 54
- Traditional breeding pipeline 54
- Speed breeding 55
- Evolution of speed breeding 55
- Brains behind space-inspired technology ``speed breeding´´ 56
- How does speed breeding work? 56
- The core recipe of speed breeding 57
- Types of speed breeding 57
  - Speed breeding I 57
  - Speed breeding II 58
  - Speed breeding III 58
- Application of speed breeding 59
  - Boosting transgenic lines 59
  - Single seed descent under speed breeding 59
  - Fast-forwarding genomic selection 59
  - Speed breeding for physiological traits 59
  - Express edit 61
- Speed breeding 2.0 62
- Speed breeding for major crops 62
  - Wheat and barley 62
  - Maize 63
  - Temperature 64
  - Photoperiod 64
  - Pearl millet 64
- Speed breeding capsules 65
- Centers for speed breeding 66
- Speed breeding limitations 66
- Challenges 66
- Conclusion 67
- References 67
- Further reading 69
Chapter 4: Marker-assisted breeding for abiotic stress tolerance in wheat crop 71
- Wheat and abiotic stresses 71
- Introduction 71
- Available genetic resources for abiotic stress tolerance in wheat 72
- Phenotyping for abiotic stress tolerance 73
- QTL and markers associated with abiotic stress tolerance in wheat 75
  - Metal toxicity and deficiency 76
  - Salt stress 76
  - Heat stress 77
  - Drought 77
  - Frost tolerance 78
- Marker-assisted breeding for abiotic stress tolerance in wheat 78
- Genomic selection 79
- Challenges and future perspectives 80
- References 80
Chapter 5: Epigenetics and abiotic stress tolerance in wheat crops: Consequences and application 87
- Introduction 87
- DNA methylation and its roles in plant response to abiotic stresses 89
- Histone modifications and their involvements in plant response to abiotic stresses 94
- Chromatin remodeling and its roles in plant response to abiotic stresses 97
- Noncoding RNAs and their involvements in plant epigenetic response to abiotic stresses 98
- Plant epigenetic memory to abiotic stresses 99
- Exploiting epigenetic variations for mitigating abiotic stresses in wheat crops 100
- Conclusion and future perspectives 102
- References 102
Chapter 6: Physiological and biochemical approaches for mitigating the effect of abiotic stresses in wheat 115
- Introduction 115
- Biochemical responses during stress 116
- Physiological adaptation strategies 120
  - Water stress condition 120
  - Saline and alkaline stress 121
  - Heat stress 121
- Abiotic stress mitigation strategies 121
  - Plant hormones 121
  - Agronomic interventions 122
  - Heat stress 122
  - PHS 123
  - Salt stress 123
  - Waterlogging 123
  - Drought stress 123
- Conclusion 123
- References 123
- Further reading 128
Chapter 7: Role of phytohormones in regulating abiotic stresses in wheat 131
- Introduction 131
- Effects of abiotic stresses on physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms of the wheat plant 132
  - Influence of salinity 132
  - Influence of drought 133
  - Influence of temperature changes 134
  - Influence of heavy-metal toxicity 135
- Potential roles of plant growth regulators in challenging the deleterious effects of abiotic stresses on wheat plants 135
  - Role of melatonin in the alleviation of abiotic stresses 135
  - Role of salicylic acid in the alleviation of abiotic stresses 139
  - Role of brassinosteroids in the alleviation of abiotic stresses 141
  - Role of polyamines in the alleviation of abiotic stresses 143
- Limitations and conclusion 144
- References 145
Chapter 8: Abiotic stress-induced ROS production in wheat: Consequences, survival mechanisms, and mitigation strategies 151
- Introduction 151
- Concept of abiotic stress-induced ROS in plants 151
- Consequences of stress-induced excessive production of ROS in wheat 152
  - Effect of ROS on wheat morphology 152
  - Effect of ROS on wheat physiology 152
  - Effect of ROS on wheat biochemistry 153
  - Water/moisture/drought stress-induced ROS production in wheat 153
  - UV-B radiation-induced ROS production in wheat 154
- ROS scavenging to survive against abiotic stresses in wheat 154
- Stress-induced production of ROS in wheat: Physiological mechanisms 155
  - High temperature stress/heat stress 155
- Abiotic-stress-induced ROS production and its molecular mechanisms 156
- Conclusion 156
- References 158
- Further reading 160
Chapter 9: Regulation of circadian for enhancing abiotic stress tolerance in wheat 161
- Introduction 161
- General mechanism of the circadian clock 162
- Clock-mediated abiotic stress response 163
- Circadian clock response in various monocot crop species 165
  - Rice 168
  - Barley 169
  - Sorghum 169
  - Maize 170
- Circadian clock-mediated stress response in wheat 170
  - Heat responsive 170
  - Drought responsive 170
  - Cold responsive 171
  - Oxidative stress responsive 172
  - ABA responsive 172
- Conclusion and future outlook 173
- References 173
Chapter 10: Changes in root behavior of wheat species under abiotic stress conditions 181
- Background 181
- Root behavior in wheat under drought stresses and its improvement 182
- Root architecture and behavior 182
- Root behavior in wheat under heat stresses and its improvement 184
- Root behavior in wheat under salinity stress and its improvement 187
- Breeding model roots for the stressed environments 189
  - Phenotyping methods for characterization and exploitation of root system architecture 189
  - Field-based root phenotyping 190
- Challenges and future perspectives for breeding better root systems 190
- References 191
- Further reading 197
Chapter 11: Role of abiotic stresses on photosynthesis and yield of crop plants, with special reference to wheat 199
- Introduction 199
- Impacts of abiotic stresses on photosynthesis of plants 199
  - Drought stress on photosynthesis 200
  - Heat stress on photosynthesis 201
  - Waterlogging on photosynthesis 202
  - Salinity stress effect on photosynthesis 202
- Regulation of photosynthesis in crop plants by abiotic stresses 203
  - Drought 203
  - Heat stress 204
  - Salinity stress 204
  - Waterlogging stress 205
- Approaches for the improvement of photosynthesis in wheat under abiotic stresses 206
  - Improvement of photosynthesis under heat stress 206
  - Improvement of photosynthesis under drought stress 206
  - Improvement photosynthesis under salinity stress 207
  - Improvement photosynthesis under waterlogging stress 207
- Concluding remarks and future prospects 208
- References 208
Chapter 12: CRISPR-Cas genome editing for the development of abiotic stress-tolerant wheat 215
- Introduction 215
- CRISPR-Cas system and its uses in improving abiotic stress-tolerance in plants 216
- Current status of abiotic stress-tolerant wheat by CRISPR-Cas genome editing 218
- Challenges and opportunities of CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing for mitigation of abiotic stresses in crop production 222
- References 223
- Conclusions and future perspectives 223
Chapter 13: Functional genomics approaches for combating the abiotic stresses in wheat 229
- Introduction 229
- Functional genomics approaches for wheat crop improvement 231
  - Genome-based functional annotation 231
    - RNAi/PTGS 232
    - Genome editing 232
    - TALENS (transcriptional activator-like effector nucleases): 234
    - TILLING/EcoTILLING 234
    - MicroRNAs (miRNAs) 235
  - Transcriptomics-based functional annotation 235
    - EST (expressed sequence tags) 236
    - SSH (suppression subtractive hybridization) 236
    - SAGE (serial analysis of gene expression) 236
    - Microarray 237
    - RNAseq 238
  - Candidate genes and transcription factors 238
  - QTLs and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) 238
  - Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) 239
  - Functional genomics using proteomics 240
  - Metabolomics-directed plant functional genomics 240
  - Ionomics 243
- Conclusion and future projections 244
- References 245
Chapter 14: Role of transcriptomics in countering the effect of abiotic stresses in wheat 253
- Introduction 253
- Abiotic stress and transcriptome 254
- Salt stress and transcriptomics in wheat 254
- Drought stress and transcriptomics in wheat 256
- Heat stress and transcriptomics in wheat 257
- Cold stress and transcriptomics in wheat 258
- Nutrients stress and transcriptomics in wheat 259
- Future concerns 262
- References 262
Chapter 15: Patterns of protein expression in wheat under stress conditions and its identification by proteomics tools 267
- Introduction 267
- Biotic and abiotic stresses in plants 268
  - Stress caused by cold 268
  - Stress caused in drought conditions 268
  - Stress caused by presence of excessive salt 269
  - Stress caused by heat 269
- Various conditions leading to stress in wheat 269
  - Alterations in wheat proteome composition as a result of salt stress 269
  - Stress on wheat seedlings due to drought conditions 270
  - Wheat responses to cold stress at morphological and physiological levels 272
  - Impact of heat stress on wheat protein expression and calcium metabolism 272
  - Changes of protein profiles in two cultivars during hypoxia and water logging stress condition 273
- Other effects of stress on wheat physiology and metabolism 273
- Techniques involved in proteomics of wheat 274
  - Identification and quantitative study of proteins using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DGel) 274
  - Mass spectrometry: A novel ionization technique for proteomic investigation 275
- Conclusion 275
- References 276
Chapter 16: Crosstalk between small-RNAs and their linked with abiotic stresses tolerance in wheat 279
- Introduction 279
- Origin and biogenesis of wheat small RNAs (sRNAs) 280
  - Biogenesis of sRNAs (miRNAs and siRNAs) 280
  - The origin and biogenesis of miRNAs 280
- Impact of sRNAs on wheat crop gene regulation 281
- miRNAs in abiotic stress tolerance 281
  - Wheat small miRNAs for drought stress resistance 281
  - Wheat small miRNAs for salt stress resistance 283
  - Wheat small miRNAs for temperature stress (high/low) resistance 284
  - Wheat small miRNAs for heavy metal stress resistance 286
  - Wheat small miRNAs against elevated level of nitrogen 287
  - Wheat small miRNAs for water logging resistance 287
  - Wheat small miRNAs for cold and freezing stress resistance 287
- References 288
- Computational tools for miRNAs and target predictions 288
- Conclusion and future remarks 288
Chapter 17: Combined abiotic stresses in wheat species 293
- Combined drought and heat stress (DREAT stress) 293
- Introduction 293
- Combined drought and salinity stress (DRONITY stress) 294
- Combined boron and salinity stress (BORSAL stress) 295
- Combined heat and salinity stress (HALINITY stress) 296
- Combined stress conditions including heavy metals 297
- Conclusion 298
- References 299
Chapter 18: Wheats radiation stress response and adaptive mechanisms 303
- Introduction 303
- Radiation source 303
- Radiation-stressed wheat 304
- Radiations impacts on wheat growth stages 304
- Phytohormones and ultraviolet (B) radiation 306
- UV (B) effects on wheat roots 307
- UV (B) effects on wheat photosynthesis 307
- Wheat yield and UV (B) effects 307
- Wheat antioxidant defense system under UV (B) stress 308
- Wheat radiation stress adaptation mechanisms 309
- Conclusion 310
- References 311
Chapter 19: Advancement in mitigating the effects of drought stress in wheat 317
- Introduction 317
- Responses to drought 318
- Adaptations to drought 318
  - Accumulation of osmolytes 318

Unfolding the Challenges

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