Analytical Techniques in Environmental Chemistry

Description

Analytical Techniques in Environmental Chemistry contains the Proceedings of the International Congress held at Barcelona, Spain in November 1978.
Separating 60 papers of the Congress as chapters, this book begins with a description of the natural and pollutant organic compounds in contemporary aquatic environments; recognition of the sources of isoprenoid alkanes in recent environments; and patterns of hydrocarbon contamination in California coastal waters. Other topics discuss include determination of trace level hydrocarbons in marine biota; recent progress in polycyclic aromatic chemistry and its significance for environmental chemistry; profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in suspended particles; and chemical carcinogenesis.

Front Cover 2
Analytical Techniques in Environmental Chemistry 5
Copyright Page 6
Table of Contents 7
Foreword 13
Chapter 1. Environmental Chemistry - An Interdisciplinary Subject. Natural and Pollutant Organic Compounds in Contemporary Aquat 15
- ABSTRACT 15
- INTRODUCTION 15
- ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN RECENT AQUATIC SEDIMENTS 16
- CHARACTERISATION OF MIXTURES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS EXTRACTED FROM NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS. 20
- LIPID INDICATORS OF THE ORIGIN AND DIAGENESIS OFSEDIMENTARY ORGANIC MATTER. 22
- DISTINGUISHING NATURAL AND POLLUTANT INPUTS IN THE ENVIRONMENT: AN EXAMPLE 25
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 32
- REFERENCES 32
- CONCLUSIONS 32

Front Cover 2
Analytical Techniques in Environmental Chemistry 5
Copyright Page 6
Table of Contents 7
Foreword 13
Chapter 1. Environmental Chemistry - An Interdisciplinary Subject. Natural and Pollutant Organic Compounds in Contemporary Aquat 15
- ABSTRACT 15
- INTRODUCTION 15
- ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN RECENT AQUATIC SEDIMENTS 16
- CHARACTERISATION OF MIXTURES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS EXTRACTED FROM NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS. 20
- LIPID INDICATORS OF THE ORIGIN AND DIAGENESIS OFSEDIMENTARY ORGANIC MATTER. 22
- DISTINGUISHING NATURAL AND POLLUTANT INPUTS IN THE ENVIRONMENT: AN EXAMPLE 25
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 32
- REFERENCES 32
- CONCLUSIONS 32
Chapter 2. Recognition of the Sources of Isoprenoid Alkanes in Recent Environments 37
- ABSTRACT 37
- INTRODUCTION 37
- EXPERIMENTAL 39
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 40
- REFERENCES 44
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 44
Chapter 3. Patterns of Hydrocarbon Contaminationin California Coastal Waters 47
- INTRODUCTION 47
- ABSTRACT 47
- EXPERIMENTAL 48
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 50
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 54
- LITERATURE CITED 54
Chapter 4. Determination of Trace Level Hydrocarbons in Marine Biota 55
- ABSTRACT 55
- INTRODUCTION 55
- EXPERIMENTAL 56
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 58
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 64
- REFERENCES 65
Chapter 5. Shipboard Intercalibration of Filters used in the Measurement of Particulate Organic Carbon 67
- ABSTRACT 67
- INTRODUCTION 67
- MATERIALS AND METHODS 69
- RESULTS 70
- DISCUSSION 72
- CONCLUSIONS 75
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 76
- LITERATURE CITED 76
Chapter 6. Determination and Identification of Hydrocarbon Pollutants by Thin-layer Chromatography 77
- ABSTRACT 77
- INTRODUCTION 77
- EXPERIMENTAL 78
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 79
- REFERENCES 82
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 82
Chapter 7. Fingerprinting Petroleum Pollutants in the Mediterranean Sea 83
- ABSTRACT 83
- KEY WORDS 83
- INTRODUCTION 83
- EXPERIMENTAL 85
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 85
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 94
- REFERENCES 95
Chapter 8. Recent Progress in Polycyclic Aromatic Chemistry and its Significance for Environmental Chemistry 97
- ABSTRACT 97
- INTRODUCTION 97
- THE LOCALIZATION ENERGY CONCEPT IN PAH CHEMISTRY 99
- RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN TOPOLOGY, STABILITY, AND REACTIVITY OF PAH 101
- THE CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN Nu PATTERN AND CHARACTEROGRAMS OF PAH 104
- CHARACTER ORDERS IN THE EXCITED STATE, AND PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF PAH 105
- THE UTILIZATION OF SPECIFIC PHOTOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PAH IN ANALYSIS 106
- REFERENCES 108
- THE APPLICATION OF HIGH-PRESSURE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY IN PAH ANALYSIS 108
Chapter 9. Determination of Particulate Organic Matter in Environmental Samples by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and High 111
- KEYWORDS 111
- INTRODUCTION 111
- ABSTRACT 111
- EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 114
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 119
- REFERENCES 123
- CONCLUSIONS 123
Chapter 10. Profiles of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Suspended Particles 125
- KEYWORDS 125
- INTRODUCTION 125
- ABSTRACT 125
- DISCUSSION 130
- REFERENCES 132
Chapter 11. Method Development and Monitoring of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Selected U.S. Waters 133
- ABSTRACT 133
- INTRODUCTION 133
- EXPERIMENTAL 134
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 135
- REFERENCES 140
Chapter 12. A Novel Luminescence Instrument for Rapid Identification and Monitoring of Aromatics in Environmental Chemistry 141
- ABSTRACT 141
- INTRODUCTION 141
- INSTRUMENT DESIGN 143
- APPLICATIONS 146
- REFERENCES 147
- CONCLUSIONS 147
Chapter 13. Analysis of C6-C20 Hydrocarbons in Semi Rural Zones by High Resolution Gas Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectromet 149
- EXPERIMENTAL 149
- KEY WORDS 149
- INTRODUCTION 149
- ABSTRACT 149
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 153
- REFERENCES 153
Chaptre 14. Quantitative Analysis of Methylchloride in the Atmosphere by Gas Chromatography with Electron Capture Detection 155
- ABSTRACT 155
- INTRODUCTION 155
- EXPERIMENTAL 156
- RESULTS 157
- CONCLUSION 162
- REFERENCES 162
Chapter 15. A Recent Case of Environmental Pollution: Some Analytical Applications 165
- ABSTRACT 165
- KEYWORDS 165
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 169
- REFERENCES 169
Chapter 16. Evaluation of Organochlorine Compounds in the Emissions of Urban Incinerators 171
- ABSTRACT 171
- INTRODUCTION 171
- EXPERIMENTAL 172
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 175
- CONCLUSIONS 180
- REFERENCES 180
Chapter 17. Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Related Halogenated Compounds 181
- INTRODUCTION 181
- ABSTRACT 181
- ANALYSIS AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE CONCENTRATION. 186
- ENVIRONMENTAL FATE PROFILE FOR PCB. 187
- COMPOUNDS TO REPLACE PCB. 195
- CUTOFF DATES FOR CERTAIN PCB USAGES AS ESTABLISHED BY TOSCA (U.S.A.) 195
- REFERENCES 197
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 197
Chapter 18. Characterization of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in the Marine Environment: Sampling and Analytical Aspects. 199
- ABSTRACT 199
- KEYWORDS 199
- DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLING EQUIPMENT 199
- SPECTRAL ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE FOR POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS 201
- REFERENCES 210
Chapter 19. Determination of Phenylurea Herbicides and their Metabolites by High Performance Liquid Chromatography 211
- INTRODUCTION 211
- ABSTRACT 211
- EXPERIMENTAL 211
- KEYWORDS 211
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 212
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 214
- REFERENCES 214
Chapter 20. Microanalysis of Aminotriazole by High Performance Liquid Chromatography 217
- INTRODUCTION 217
- ABSTRACT 217
- KEY WORDS 217
- EXPERIMENTAL PART 218
- CHARACTERISTICS OF THE METHOD 219
- APPLICATIONS OF THE METHOD 221
- CONCLUSION 222
- BIBLIOGRAPHY 222
Chapter 21. Chemical Carcinogenesis: A Natural and Man-made Global Environmental Problem 225
- INTRODUCTION 225
- ABSTRACT 225
- COMPOUNDS WITH CARCINOGENIC ACTIVITY 228
- ANALYSIS OF CARCINOGENS IN FOOD 242
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 243
- REFERENCES 243
Chapter 22. N6-(Methylnitroso) Adenosine: a Carcinogen of Environmental Significance 251
- KEYWORDS 251
- INTRODUCTION 251
- ABSTRACT 251
- ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY 253
- RESULTS 255
- DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 256
- REFERENCES 257
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 257
Chapter 23. Gas Chromatographic - Mass Spectrometric Studies on Styrene Toxicity 259
- ABSTRACT 259
- KEYWORDS 259
- INTRODUCTION 260
- MATERIALS AND METHODS 263
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 270
- REFERENCES 289
- CONCLUSIONS 289
Chapter 24. Computerized GC/MS for Solving Problems in Water Pollution R. A. HITES 295
- ABSTRACT 295
- KEYWORDS 295
- INTRODUCTION 295
- EXPERIMENTAL 297
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 298
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 302
- REFERENCES 306
Chapter 25. Industrial Wastes as a Source of Chemicals Entering the Environment 307
- ABSTRACT 307
- INTRODUCTION 307
- EXPERIMENTAL 307
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 308
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 310
- REFERENCES 313
Chapter 26. Environmental Analysis from an Industrial Point of View 315
- THE RELATION BETWEEN INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT 315
- ABSTRACT 315
- ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS IN THE CONTROL OF WASTE STREAMS 316
- ANALYSIS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF PRODUCTS 317
- SOME LEGAL ASPECTS 319
- REFERENCES 320
Chapter 27. Design of the Organics Analysis in an Environmental Monitoring System 321
- INTRODUCTION 321
- ABSTRACT 321
- KEYWORDS 321
- SELECTION OF ANALYTICAL METHODS 322
- COST CONSIDERATIONS 324
- THE PRIORITY POLLUTANT PROGRAM 325
- REFERENCES 330
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT 330
Chapter 28. Automatic Analysis of Organic Pollutants in Water via a Calculator-controlled GC/MS 331
- EXPERIMENTAL 331
- ABSTRACT 331
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 332
- REFERENCES 338
- CONCLUSION 338
Chapter 29. Trace Analysis of Organics in Water by Gas Chromatography 339
- INTRODUCTION 339
- ABSTRACT 339
- VOLATILES IN WATER 340
- PESTICIDES - PCB'S 343
- BASE NEUTRALS 343
- ACIDIC COMPOUNDS - PHENOLS 343
- SUNMARY 347
- REFERENCES 347
Chapter 30. Analysis of Volatile Components in Waste Water from a Urea-formaldehyde Glue Plant 349
- INTRODUCTION 349
- ABSTRACT 349
- KEYWORDS 349
- RESULTS 351
- REFERENCES 357
Chapter 31. Application of an Element Specific Microwave Plasma Detector to the Identification and Quantification of Micropollut 359
- ABSTRACT 359
- INTRODUCTION 359
- EXPERIMENTAL 360
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 361
- CONCLUSIONS 365
- REFERENCES 365
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 366
Chapter 32. Multicomponent UV Spectral Analysis of Aquatic Organics 367
- ABSTRACT 367
- INTRODUCTION 367
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 377
- CONCLUSIONS 377
- REFERENCES 378
Chapter 33. Microflora and Microfauna of Waste Waters 381
- INTRODUCTION 381
- ABSTRACT 381
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 382
- REFERENCES 386
Chapter 34. The Surveillance of Coastal MarineWaters with Bivalves - The Mussel Watch 387
- KEY WORDS 387
- INTRODUCTION 387
- ABSTRACT 387
- SAMPLING STRATEGIES 389
- ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES 390
- IDENTIFICATION OF PRIORITY RESEARCH AREAS 393
- LIBRARY OF MUSSEL SAMPLES 393
- BIBLIOGRAPHY OF POLLUTANTS IN BIVALVES 393
- INITIAL RESULTS OF THE U.S. MUSSEL WATCH PROGRAM 394
- FUTURE DIRECTIONS 399
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT 399
- REFERENCES 400
Chapter 35. Environmental Dynamics of Trace Organics Contaminants in Estuarine and Coastal Zone Ecosystems 401
- THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS 401
- ABSTRACT 401
- INTRODUCTION 401
- PREDICTION OF ECOSYSTEMS DISTRIBUTION 406
Chapter 36. A Method of Data Analysis on the Distribution of Chemical Elements in the Biosphere 415
- ABSTRACT 415
- INTRODUCTION 415
- EXPERIMENTAL 416
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 417
- REFERENCES 422
- CONCLUSION 422
Chapter 37. Chemical Changes in the Sediments of Loch Eil Arising from the Input of Cellulose Fibre 423
- ABSTRACT 423
- INTRODUCTION 423
- METHODS 425
- RESULTS 426
- DISCUSSION 428
- REFERENCES 431
Chapter 38. Organic Carbon in a Scottish Sea Loch 433
- KEYWORDS 433
- INTRODUCTION 433
- ABSTRACT 433
- EXPERIMENTAL 434
- RESULTS 435
- DISCUSSION 436
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 440
- REFERENCES 440
- CONCLUSION 440
Chapter 39. Analytical Techniques Used in the Monitoring of Radioactive Discharges from the CEGB Nuclear Power Stations 441
- INTRODUCTION 441
- ABSTRACT 441
- KEYWORDS 441
- LIQUID EFFLUENTS 442
- ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES 443
- CALIBRATION AND STANDARDISATION 452
- CONCLUSIONS 452
- REFERENCES 453
Chapter 40. Activation Analysis of As, Hg and Se in Some Marine Organisms 455
- KEYWORDS 455
- INTRODUCTION 455
- ABSTRACT 455

Proceedings of the International Congress, Barcelona, Spain, November 1978

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