Environmental Radioanalysis

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Front Cover 2
Environmental Radioanalysis 5
Copyright Page 6
TABLE OF CONTENTS 9
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 13
- 1.1. The status of radioanalysis 13
- 1.2. Scope of radioanalysis 14
- 1.3. The task of the radioanalyst 16
- 1.4. Purpose and limitations of this book 17
CHAPTER 2. PRINCIPLES OF NEUTRON–ACTIVATION ANALYSIS AND PROMPT TECHNIQUES APPLIED IN ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS 20
- List of symbols 21
- 2.1. Neutron activation analysis 24
- 2.2. Count-rate 27
- 2.3. Counting-result 29
- 2.4. Sensitivity 32

Front Cover 2
Environmental Radioanalysis 5
Copyright Page 6
TABLE OF CONTENTS 9
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 13
- 1.1. The status of radioanalysis 13
- 1.2. Scope of radioanalysis 14
- 1.3. The task of the radioanalyst 16
- 1.4. Purpose and limitations of this book 17
CHAPTER 2. PRINCIPLES OF NEUTRON–ACTIVATION ANALYSIS AND PROMPT TECHNIQUES APPLIED IN ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS 20
- List of symbols 21
- 2.1. Neutron activation analysis 24
- 2.2. Count-rate 27
- 2.3. Counting-result 29
- 2.4. Sensitivity 32
- 2.5. Special features o f the three types of neutron activation 33
- 2.6. Prompt techniques 34
- 2.7. Conclusions 39
- References 40
CHAPTER 3. PRINCIPLES OF RADIOTRACER MEASUREMENTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES 41
- List of symbols 42
- 3.1. Basic equations of radiotracer experiments in a closed system and their applications 43
- 3.2. Isotopic exchange in one phase 45
- 3.3. Isotopic exchange between a solid and an aqueous solution in a closed system 47
- 3.4. Net mass transport in a closed system 49
- 3.5. Combination of net mass transport and isotopic exchange in a closed system 51
- 3.6. Radiotracer experiments in open systems 54
- 3.7. Combination of radiotracer experiments in closed and open systems 56
- References 56
CHAPTER 4. SAMPLING IN ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS 57
- 4.1. Introduction 58
- 4.2. Sampling of sea and surface water 59
- 4.3. Sampling of rain water 68
- 4.4. Sampling of organic material 69
- 4.5. Sampling of aerosols 75
- 4.6. Samplinz of silicates 80
- References 82
CHAPTER 5. PRECONCENTRATION AND DECONTAMINATION IN RADIOANALYSIS 89
- 5.1. Analytical criteria for preconcentration in elemental analysis 91
- 5.2. Application to radioanalysis 95
- 5.3. Preconcentration techniques in radioanalysis 103
- 5.4. Practical conclusions 113
- References 115
CHAPTER 6. ANALYTICAL CRITERIA IN RADIOANALYSIS 119
- List of Symbols 120
- 6.1. Survey 123
- 6.2. Sensitivity 125
- 6.3. Blank-value 125
- 6.5. Chemical yield 130
- 6.4. Matrix effects 130
- 6.6. Accuracy and precision 131
- 6.7. Limits of decision, detection and determination 141
- 6.8. Turn-over time and capacity 148
- 6.10. Financial criteria 150
- 6.9. Occupational criteria 150
- 6.11. A practical case: The determination of vanadium in rainwater 151
- References 154
CHAPTER 7. PRACTICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOANALYSIS 155
- 7.1. The radioanalytical laboratory 156
- 7.2. Irradiation facilities for NAA 162
- 7.3. Routing of NAA 170
- 7.4. Neutron induced prompt capture gammarays (PGAA) 173
- 7.5. Proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) 176
- 7.6. Presentation of data 179
- 7.7. Radiotracer experiments 180
- References 184
CHAPTER 8. RADIOANALYSIS OF WATER 189
- 8.1. General 190
- 8.2. Seawater 190
- 8.3. Fresh water 198
- 8.4. The active carbon procedure 200
- 8.5. Rainwater 210
- References 223
CHAPTER 9. THE ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF DRY BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL 228
- 9.1. Introduction 229
- 9.2. Analytical techniques 231
- 9.3. Sampling and sample pretreatment 232
- 9.4. Mineralization 233
- 9.5. Radiochemical separation schemes 235
- 9.6. A system for multielement analysis of dry biological material 241
- 9.7. Pre-irradiation separations 247
- 9.8. Analytical conclusions 248
- 9.9. A survey of applications 252
- References 255
CHAPTER 10. SILICATES, COAL AND RELATED SOLIDS FROM ENERGY PRODUCTION 269
- 10.1. Introduction 269
- 10.2. Elemental analysis of silicates, coal and related matrices by INAA 272
- 10.3. Elemental analysis of silicates by NAA, including radiochemical separation 281
- 10.4. Prompt capture γ-measurement of silicates and coal 281
- 10.5. PIXE analysis of air-dust and coal 284
- 10.6. (Radio-)tracer applications to the inorganic environment 289
- References 291
SUBJECT INDEX 296

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