Freshwater Algae of North America

Description

Freshwater Algae of North America: Ecology and Classification, Second Edition is an authoritative and practical treatise on the classification, biodiversity, and ecology of all known genera of freshwater algae from North America. The book provides essential taxonomic and ecological information about one of the most diverse and ubiquitous groups of organisms on earth. This single volume brings together experts on all the groups of algae that occur in fresh waters (also soils, snow, and extreme inland environments). In the decade since the first edition, there has been an explosion of new information on the classification, ecology, and biogeography of many groups of algae, with the use of molecular techniques and renewed interest in biological diversity. Accordingly, this new edition covers updated classification information of most algal groups and the reassignment of many genera and species, as well as new research on harmful algal blooms.

Extensive and complete
Describes every genus of freshwater algae known from North America, with an analytical dichotomous key, descriptions of diagnostic features, and at least one image of every genus.
Full-color images throughout provide superb visual examples of freshwater algae
Updated Environmental Issues and Classifications, including new information on harmful algal blooms (HAB)
Fully revised introductory chapters, including new topics on biodiversity, and taste and odor problems
Updated to reflect the rapid advances in algal classification and taxonomy due to the widespread use of DNA technologies

Front Cover 2
Freshwater Algae of North America: Ecology and Classification 5
Copyright 6
Dedication 7
Contents 9
Contributors 15
Preface 17
- Second Edition 17
- First Edition 17
- Literature Cited 18
Chapter 1: Introduction to the Freshwater Algae 19
- I . Introduction 19
- II . Classification 23
  - A . Key to the Taxonomic Chapters in This Book 23

Front Cover 2
Freshwater Algae of North America: Ecology and Classification 5
Copyright 6
Dedication 7
Contents 9
Contributors 15
Preface 17
- Second Edition 17
- First Edition 17
- Literature Cited 18
Chapter 1: Introduction to the Freshwater Algae 19
- I . Introduction 19
- II . Classification 23
  - A . Key to the Taxonomic Chapters in This Book 23
- III . Groups of Freshwater Algae 25
  - B . Red Algae 25
  - A . Cyanobacteria 25
  - E . Eustigmatophyte, Raphidiophyte, and Xanthophyte Algae 26
  - C . Green Algae 26
  - F . Chrysophycean Algae 26
  - D . Euglenoids 26
  - G . Haptophyte Algae 27
  - J . Dinoflagellates 27
  - H . Synurophyte Algae 27
  - I . Diatoms 27
  - K . Cryptomonads 28
  - L . Brown Algae 28
- Literature Cited 28
Chapter 2: Habitats of Freshwater Algae 31
- I . What are Freshwater Habitats? 31
- II . Lentic Habitats 32
  - A . Major Lakes of North America 32
  - B . Lakes and Ponds 35
  - C . Small-Scale Lentic Habitats and Microhabitats 38
  - D . Mutualistic, Commensal, and Symbiotic Habitats in Lakes 39
  - E . Planktonic Habitats and Assemblages in Lakes 41
    - 1 . Diversity and Composition 41
    - 2 . Factors Regulating Phytoplankton Production in Lakes 42
  - F . Benthic Habitats and Assemblages in Lakes 43
    - 1 . Epiphytic and Epixylic Habitats 43
    - 2 . Epilithic Habitats 45
    - 3 . Epipelic and Epipsammic Habitats 46
    - 4 . Benthic Macroalgae 47
  - G . Wastewater Systems 47
- III . Lotic Habitats 48
  - A . Brief Overview of the Geomorphology of Rivers 48
  - B . Headwaters and Stony Streams 48
  - C . Major Rivers of North America 51
  - D . The River Continuum and Other Models 53
  - E . Benthic Habitats and Assemblages in Rivers 55
    - 1 . Benthic Algal Diversity, Composition, and Biogeography 55
    - 2 . Factors Regulating Benthic Algae in Rivers 57
  - F . Planktonic Habitats and Assemblages in Rivers 58
- IV . Wetland Habitats 60
  - A . Functional Importance of Algae in Wetlands 60
  - B . Algal Diversity and Production in Freshwater Wetlands 61
- V . Spring Habitats 63
  - A . Thermal Springs 63
  - B . Acid Springs 64
  - C . Karst Springs 65
- VI . Subaerial Habitats 66
  - A . Soils 66
  - B . Epilithic and Endolithic Habitats 67
  - C . Plants and Animals 68
  - D . Snow and Ice 70
  - Acknowledgments 71
- Literature Cited 71
Chapter 3: Coccoid Cyanobacteria 93
- I . Introduction 93
- II . Morphology and Diversity 94
  - A . Cellular and Colonial Morphology 94
  - B . Cytology 96
  - C . Cell Division and Reproduction 97
  - D . Diversity and Classification 97
- III . Ecology and Distribution 98
  - A . Soils and Arid Environments 98
  - C . Aquatic Environments 99
    - 1 . Standing Waters 99
    - 3 . Picoplanktonic and Nanoplanktonic Species 100
    - 4 . Benthic and Epiphytic Species 100
    - 2 . Bloom-Forming Species 100
    - 6 . Wetlands 101
    - 5 . Transported Plankton in Rivers and Streams 101
  - B . Subaerial Environments 99
  - D . Extreme Environments 101
    - 1 . Thermal Waters 101
    - 2 . Saline Inland and Coastal Habitats 102
  - E . Geographic Distribution 102
  - 3 . Endolithic and Lithogenic Habitats 102
- IV . Collection, Preparation, and Culture 103
- V . Key and Description of Genera 104
  - A . Key 104
  - B . Descriptions of Genera 2 107
    - Gloeobacterales 107
      - Gloeobacteraceae 107
    - Synechococcales 109
      - Synechococcaceae 109
      - Merismopediaceae 113
      - Coelosphaeriaceae 117
      - Chamaesiphonaceae 119
    - Chroococcales 121
      - Microcystaceae 121
      - Aphanothecaceae 123
      - Cyanotrichaceae 125
      - Stichosiphonaceae 125
      - Cyanobacteriaceae 125
      - Chroococcaceae 127
      - Gomphosphaeriaceae 130
      - Entophysalidaceae 131
    - Pleurocapsales 133
      - Hydrococcaceae 133
      - Dermocarpellaceae 133
      - Xenococcaceae 136
      - Hyellaceae 136
    - Chroococcidiopsidales 141
      - Chroococcidiopsidaceae 141
    - VI . Guide to the Literature for Species Identification 142
    - Oscillatoriales 142
      - Cyanothecaceae 142
    - Literature Cited 142
  - Chapter 4: Filamentous Cyanobacteria 153
    - I . Introduction 153
    - II . Diversity and Morphology 155
      - A . Cytology and Morphology 155
      - B . Specialized Cells 156
      - C . Reproduction 157
    - III . Ecology and Distribution 157
    - V . Key to North American Genera 158
      - A . Key 158
      - B . Descriptions of Genera 2 164
    - IV . Collection and Preparation for Identification 158
    - VI . Guide to Literature for Species Identification 244
    - Literature Cited 244
  - Chapter 5: Red Algae 255
    - I . Introduction 255
    - II . Diversity and Morphology 255
      - A . Diversity 255
      - B . Vegetative Morphology 258
      - C . Reproduction 259
    - III . Ecology and Distribution 261
      - A . Streams and Rivers 261
        
        1 . Patterns of Distribution 261
        
        2 . Physical Factors 262
        
        3 . Chemical Factors 262
        
        4 . Biotic Factors 263
      - B . Other Inland Habitats 264
    - IV . Collection and Preparation for Identification 264
    - V . Key and Descriptions of Genera 265
      - A . Key 265
      - B . Descriptions of Genera (for a List of Species in Each Genus, see Table 1) 266
      - Key to the North American Sections ( Fig. 7) 272
    - VI . Guide to the Literature for Species Identification 277
    - Acknowledgments 278
    - Literature Cited 278
  - Chapter 6: Flagellate Green Algae 283
    - I . Introduction 283
    - II . Diversity and Morphology 284
    - III . Ecology and Distribution 285
    - IV . Collection and Preparation for Identification 286
    - V . Key to Genera 286
    - VI . Description of North American Genera 289
    - VII . A Guide to the Literature for Species Identification 324
    - North American genera 324
    - Genera not recorded in North America 325
    - Literature Cited 326
  - Chapter 7. Nonmotile Coccoid and Colonial Green Algae 333
    - I . Introduction 333
    - II . Diversity and Morphology 334
    - III . Ecology and Distribution 337
    - IV . Collection and Preparation for Investigation and Identification 338
    - V . Key and Descriptions of Genera 339
      - A . Key 339
        
        Key to Genera 339
      - B . Descriptions of Genera 346
      - C . Addendum 386
    - Acknowledgments 388
    - Literature Cited 388
    - VI . A Guide to the Literature for Species Identification 388
  - Chapter 8. Filamentous (Nonconjugating) and Plantlike Green Algae 393
    - I . Introduction 393
    - II . Diversity and Morphology 394
      - A . Morphology and Cell Structure 394
      - B . Reproduction 394
      - C . Classification of Green Algae 395
    - III . Ecology and Distribution 396
      - A . Aquatic Habitats 396
      - B . Soil and Subaerial Habitats 397
    - IV . Collection and Preparation of Samples 398
    - V . Key and Descriptions of North American Genera 399
      - A . Key to Groups 399
      - B . Key to Genera by Group 400
        
        2 . Group II (Orders Ulvales, Prasiolales in Part) 400
        
        3 . Group III (Orders Oedogoniales, Sphaeropleales in Part, Microsporales, Ulotrichales in Part, Cylindrocapsales, Clado ... 400
        
        1 . Group I (Order Charales) 400
        
        4 . Group IV (Chaetophorales in Part, Coleochaetales, Oedogoniales in Part, Cladophorales in Part, Siphonales in Part) 401
        
        5 . Group V (representatives of several orders and incertae taxa) 404
      - C . Descriptions of Genera ( Figs. 1–15) 404
        
        Class Charophyceae 404
        
        Order Charales 404
        
        Class Chlorophyceae 406
        
        Order Chaetopeltidales 406
        
        Order Chaetophorales 408
        
        Order Oedogoniales 423
        
        Order Chlamydomonadales 423
        
        Order Sphaeropleales 424
        
        Class Coleochaetophyceae 425
        
        Order Coleochaetales 425
        
        Class Klebsormidiophyceae 426
        
        Order Klebsormidiales 426
        
        Class Ulvophyceae 427
        
        Order Cladophorales 427
        
        Chaetomorpha Kützing 428
        
        Order Bryopsidales 427
        
        Order Trentepohliales 429
        
        Order Ulotrichales 430
        
        Order Ulvales 432
        
        Class Trebouxiophyceae 433
        
        Order Microthamniales 433
        
        Order Prasiolales 434
        
        Trebouxiophyceae incertae sedis 435
        
        Incertae Sedis 437
        
        VI . Guide to Literature for Species Identification 437
        
        Acknowledgments 439
        
        Literature Cited 440
      - Chapter 9. Conjugating Green Algae Including Desmids 447
        
        I . Introduction 447
        
        II . Biodiversity and Morphology 448
        
        A . Biodiversity 448
        
        B . Morphology 448
        
        III . Ecology and Distribution 455
        
        IV . Collection and Preparation for Identification 455
        
        V . Key to North American Genera 456
        
        VI . Descriptions of Genera 458
        
        A . Zygnematales 458
        
        B . Desmidiales 463
        
        1 . Closteriaceae 463
        
        2 . Desmidiaceae 463
        
        3 . Gonatozygaceae 471
        
        4 . Peniaceae 471
        
        Literature Cited 472
        
        VII . Guide to the Literature for Species Identification 472
        
        Chapter 10. Photosynthetic Euglenoids 477
        
        I . Introduction 477
        
        II . Diversity and Morphology 479
        
        III . Ecology and Distribution 486
        
        IV . Collection and Preparation for Identification 487
        
        V . Key to North American Genera 488
        
        VI . A Guide to the Literature for Species Identification 497
        
        Literature Cited 498
        
        Chapter 11. Xanthophyte, Eustigmatophyte, and Raphidophyte Algae 503
        
        I . General Introduction 503
        
        II . Xanthophytes 504
        
        A . Introduction 504
        
        B . Diversity and Morphology 505
        
        1 . Classification, Phylogeny, and Morphology 505
        
        2 . Reproduction 508
        
        C . Ecology and Distribution 508
        
        III . Eustigmatophyceae 510
        
        B . Diversity and Morphology 510
        
        A . Introduction 510
        
        C . Ecology and Distribution 512
        
        IV . Keys and Descriptions of Genera of Xanthophytes and Eustigmatophytes 512
        
        1 . Keys 512
        
        Key 1. Xanthophytes and Eustigmatophytes of Coccoid Organization 512
        
        Key 2. Xanthophytes of Filamentous or Siphonous Organization 515
        
        Key 3. Doubtful Xanthophytes: Amoeboid or Capsoid Organization 516
        
        2 . Descriptions of Genera 518
        
        Approved Xanthophytes ( Table 1) 518
        
        Coccoid organizational level ( Table 1 ; Figs. 1–8) 518
        
        Filamentous Organizational Level ( Table 1 ; Figs. 9, 10) 530
        
        Siphonous Organizational Level ( Table 1 ; Fig. 11) 532
        
        Untested Xanthophytes ( Table 1) 532
        
        Coccoid Organizational Level ( Table 1 ; Figs. 1–8) 532
        
        Filamentous Organizational Level ( Table 1 ; Figs.9, 10) 538
        
        Doubtful Xanthophytes ( Table 1 ; Figs. 12 and 13) 538
        
        Eustigmatophytes 540
        
        Approved Eustigmatophytes ( Table 2 ; Figs. 2–8) 540
        
        Candidate Eustigmatophytes ( Table 2 ; Figs. 2, 5, 8) 543
        
        V . Raphidophytes 544
        
        A . Introduction 544
        
        B . Diversity and Morphology 545
        
        C . Ecology and Distribution 545
        
        D . Key and Descriptions of Genera 545
        
        1 . Key 545
        
        2 . Descriptions of Genera ( Fig. 14) 545
        
        VI . Collection and Preparation for Identification 547
        
        VII . Guide to the Literature for Species Identification 547
        
        Literature Cited 548
        
        Acknowledgments 548
        
        Chapter 12. Chrysophyceae and Phaeothamniophyceae 555
        
        I . Introduction 555
        
        A . History 555
        
        B . Characteristics 556
        
        C . Molecular Systematics 557
        
        II . Diversity and Morphology 559
        
        B . Vegetative Morphology 559
        
        A . Diversity 559
        
        C . Reproduction 564
        
        III . Ecology 572
        
        A . Distribution 572
        
        B . Habitat Characteristics 574
        
        1 . Trophic Status 574
        
        2 . Temperature 574
        
        3 . Acid Status, pH 575
        
        4 . Light and Mixotrophy 576

Ecology and Classification

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