Annual Plant Reviews, Plant Architecture and its Manipulation

Authors: Colin G. N. Turnbull Publisher: Wiley Publication date: 2009 Publication language: Angielski Number of pages: 336 Publication formats: EAN: 9781405146234 ISBN: 9781405146234 Category: Biology, life sciences Publisher's index: - Bibliographic note: -

Description

TOC

• Plant Architecture and its Manipulation 4
  • Contents 6
  • Contributors 12
  • Preface 14
  • 1 Cellular architecture: Regulation of cell size, cell shape and organ initiation 16
    • 1.1 Introduction 16
    • 1.2 Growth and cell proliferation are related but separable components controlling cellular architecture 16
    • 1.3 Meristems as a source of cells in the plant 18
    • 1.4 Patterning of cellular architecture 21
    • 1.5 The cellular decision to proliferate or not to proliferate 23
    • 1.6 The cytoskeleton as an intermediary in the regulation of cellular architecture 26
    • 1.7 The supracellular organisation of growth 30
      • 1.7.1 The relationship between cell architecture and organ size and shape 30
      • 1.7.2 Cell division and organ initiation 32
      • 1.7.3 Coordination of organ initiation 33

• Plant Architecture and its Manipulation 4
  • Contents 6
  • Contributors 12
  • Preface 14
  • 1 Cellular architecture: Regulation of cell size, cell shape and organ initiation 16
    • 1.1 Introduction 16
    • 1.2 Growth and cell proliferation are related but separable components controlling cellular architecture 16
    • 1.3 Meristems as a source of cells in the plant 18
    • 1.4 Patterning of cellular architecture 21
    • 1.5 The cellular decision to proliferate or not to proliferate 23
    • 1.6 The cytoskeleton as an intermediary in the regulation of cellular architecture 26
    • 1.7 The supracellular organisation of growth 30
      • 1.7.1 The relationship between cell architecture and organ size and shape 30
      • 1.7.2 Cell division and organ initiation 32
      • 1.7.3 Coordination of organ initiation 33
    • 1.8 Conclusions 34
  • 2 Leaf architecture: Regulation of leaf position, shape and internal structure 38
    • 2.1 Introduction 38
    • 2.2 Phyllotaxis 39
      • 2.2.1 Helical phyllotaxis and the Fibonacci series 41
      • 2.2.2 Regulation of phyllotaxis 41
    • 2.3 Leaf initiation 44
      • 2.3.1 Role of expansin in leaf initiation 44
      • 2.3.2 Molecular markers of leaf initiation 45
    • 2.4 Development of leaf symmetry 45
      • 2.4.1 Adaxial domain 46
      • 2.4.2 Abaxial domain 48
    • 2.5 Development of simple leaf architecture 48
      • 2.5.1 Dicots 48
      • 2.5.2 Monocots 49
    • 2.6 Development of compound leaf architecture 50
      • 2.6.1 Molecular regulation of blastozone activity 53
        • 2.6.1.1 KNOX genes 53
        • 2.6.1.2 Phantastica 53
        • 2.6.1.3 Floricaula, Leafy, Unifoliata and Falsiflora 54
      • 2.7 Leaf expansion 56
      • 2.8 Development of internal leaf architecture 58
        • 2.8.1 Cell division and tissue patterning 59
        • 2.8.2 Vascular pattern formation 60
        • 2.8.3 Epidermal cell pattern 61
          • 2.8.3.1 Stomate pattern 62
          • 2.8.3.2 Trichome pattern 63
        • 2.9 Concluding remarks 63
      • 3 Shoot architecture I: Regulation of stem length 72
        • 3.2 Plant growth hormones and genes regulating their levels 72
          • 3.2.1 Auxin, gibberellin and brassinosteroid 72
          • 3.2.2 Ethylene and cytokinin 80
        • 3.1 Introduction 72
        • 3.3 Hormone signal transduction 80
        • 3.4 Dwarfism not mediated by hormones 81
        • 3.5 The green revolution 82
        • 3.6 Interactions between hormones 85
        • 3.7 Regulation of stem length by environmental factors 88
          • 3.7.1 Effects of light on stem growth 88
            • 3.7.1.1 De-etiolation 89
            • 3.7.1.2 Shade-avoidance 91
            • 3.7.1.3 Photoperiod 93
          • 3.7.2 Mediation of light effects by hormones 93
          • 3.7.3 Effects of other factors, including flooding and decapitation/grazing 98
        • 3.8 Concluding discussion – are hormones regulators of plant growth or merely permissive factors? 99
      • 4 Shoot architecture II: Control of branching 107
        • 4.1 Introduction 107
          • 4.1.1 Species differ widely in propensity for branching during normal ontogeny 107
          • 4.1.2 Responses to decapitation 108
        • 4.2 Branch positions and morphologies 110
          • 4.2.1 Developmental zones 110
          • 4.2.2 Shoot dimorphism: orthotropic vs. plagiotropic development 111
          • 4.2.3 Relative timing: proleptic vs. sylleptic branching 113
          • 4.2.4 Reiteration: monopodial vs. sympodial systems 114
        • 4.3 Bud initiation 116
          • 4.3.1 Bud initiation genes 118
            • 4.3.1.2 Blind (Bl) 118
            • 4.3.1.1 Lateral suppressor (Ls) 118
            • 4.3.1.4 LAX and SPA 119
            • 4.3.1.5 SAX loci 119
            • 4.3.1.3 Revoluta (REV) 119
            • 4.3.1.6 Interaction of initiation genes 120
          • 4.4 Bud dormancy and branch outgrowth 120
            • 4.4.1 Branch outgrowth genes 121
            • 4.4.2 Physiology of branching mutants 122
            • 4.4.3 Shoot branching and apical dominance models 125
            • 4.4.4 Branching control: more than auxin and cytokinin 127
          • 4.5 Environmental influences 128
            • 4.5.1 Light effects 128
              • 4.5.1.1 Photoperiod 128
              • 4.5.1.2 Light intensity and spectrum: shade and neighbour responses 129
            • 4.5.2 Nutrition 129
          • 4.6 Conclusions and prospects 130
        • 5 Floral architecture: Regulation and diversity of floral shape and pattern 136
          • 5.2 Phyllotaxy and merosity 136
            • 5.2.1 Genetic control of floral phyllotaxy 138
            • 5.2.2 Genetic control of merosity 139
            • 5.2.3 Evolutionary aspects of phyllotaxy and merosity 140
          • 5.1 Introduction 136
          • 5.3 Floral symmetry 141
            • 5.3.1 Genetic control of floral symmetry 142
            • 5.3.2 Evolutionary aspects of floral symmetry 143
          • 5.4 Floral organ identity 145
            • 5.4.1 Genetic control of floral organ identity 145
            • 5.4.2 Evolutionary aspects of floral organ identity 148
              • 5.4.2.1 Patterns of gene duplication and their functional significance 149
              • 5.4.2.2 Patterns of gene expression and their morphological significance 151
            • 5.5 Elaboration of organ identity 153
            • 5.6 Sex determination as a modification of floral architecture 154
            • 5.7 Future perspectives 155
          • 6 Inflorescence architecture 164
            • 6.1 Determinate and indeterminate inflorescence types 164
            • 6.2 Simple and compound inflorescences 165
              • 6.2.1 Simple inflorescences 165
              • 6.2.2 Compound inflorescences 167
            • 6.3 Growth and branching patterns of shoots 167
            • 6.4 Vegetative to reproductive transition 169
            • 6.5 Meristem identity 170
              • 6.5.1 Shoot/inflorescence meristem identity 170
              • 6.5.2 Flower meristem identity genes 171
            • 6.6 Genetic regulation of inflorescence architecture 172
              • 6.6.1 Maize inflorescence development 172
              • 6.6.2 Pea mutants 178
              • 6.6.3 Tomato inflorescence development 180
              • 6.6.4 Petunia inflorescence development 181
              • 6.6.5 Capitulum development 183
              • 6.6.6 Arabidopsis inflorescence development 184
            • 6.7 Evolution of inflorescence architecture 189
          • 7 Root architecture 197
            • 7.1 Introduction – an evolutionary perspective 197
            • 7.2 Basic root systems 198
              • 7.2.1 Taproot systems 198
              • 7.2.2 Fibrous root systems 199
              • 7.2.3 Roots of desert plants 201
              • 7.2.4 Food storage roots 201
            • 7.3 Regulation of root architecture 202
              • 7.3.1 Embryonic root development 202
                • 7.3.1.1 Auxin regulation of embryonic root development 203
              • 7.4 Parts of the root system 204
                • 7.4.1 Primary root tip 204
                • 7.4.2 Internal root structure 206
              • 7.5 Genetics of postembryonic root development 208
                • 7.5.1 Root hairs 208
                • 7.5.2 Lateral roots 210
                  • 7.5.2.1 Role of auxin in lateral root development 211
                • 7.6 Regulation of root system architecture by nutrient signals 212
                  • 7.6.1 Effects of nutrient availability on root hair formation 213
                  • 7.6.2 Effects of nutrient availability on root branching 214
                  • 7.6.3 Lipid-derived molecules that regulate root development 215
                    • 7.6.3.1 Phosphatidic acid 215
                    • 7.6.3.2 Alkamides and N-acylethanolamines 216
                  • 7.7 Mutualistic associations between roots and soil microorganisms 217
                    • 7.7.1 Signaling in plant–microbe interactions 218
                  • 7.8 Conclusions 220
                • 8 Woody tree architecture 224
                  • 8.1 Introduction 224
                  • 8.2 Anatomy 227
                    • 8.2.1 Vascular differentiation 227
                    • 8.2.2 Radial patterns 228
                    • 8.2.3 Ecotypes 229
                  • 8.3 Mechanisms and constraints 232
                    • 8.3.1 Apical dominance 232
                    • 8.3.2 Apical control 233
                    • 8.3.3 Leaf vs. wood allocation 233
                    • 8.3.4 Stability 235
                  • 8.4 Inter-specific patterns 236
                    • 8.4.1 Architectural tree models 236
                    • 8.4.2 Tree dimensions 239
                  • 8.5 Intra-specific patterns 240
                  • 8.6 Within-tree patterns 241
                  • 8.7 Applications in forestry 243
                  • 8.8 Conclusions 245
                • 9 Plant architecture modelling: Virtual plants and complex systems 253
                  • 9.1 Introduction 253
                  • 9.2 Nature of plant architecture: basic concepts 254
                    • 9.2.1 Meristem activity and phyllotaxy 254
                    • 9.2.2 Differentiation of axes 255
                    • 9.2.3 Architectural gradients 256
                  • 9.3 Representing and analysing plant architecture 257
                    • 9.3.1 Representing plants as graphs 257
                    • 9.3.2 Coding plant architecture 260
                    • 9.3.3 3-D Digitizing 261
                    • 9.3.4 Analysis of plant architecture databases 263
                      • 9.3.4.1 Looking for remarkable variations of positional information 263
                      • 9.3.4.2 Analysing spatial or temporal series 264
                      • 9.3.4.3 The fractal nature of plants 269
                    • 9.4 Modelling functions on static structures 271
                      • 9.4.1 Models of plant–environment interaction 271
                        • 9.4.1.1 Light capture 272
                        • 9.4.1.2 Rainfall interception 275
                        • 9.4.1.3 Momentum transfer 275
                        • 9.4.1.4 Scalar transfer 276
                        • 9.4.1.5 Accounting for gravity 276
                      • 9.4.2 Transport models 278
                    • 9.5 Models of plant development 278
                      • 9.5.1 Dynamic systems with dynamic structure 278
                        • 9.5.1.1 Specific approaches 279
                        • 9.5.1.2 Generic approaches: towards the definition of languages for morphogenesis 280
                      • 9.5.2 Descriptive models 282
                        • 9.5.2.1 Bottom–up geometric approaches 282
                        • 9.5.2.2 Top–down geometric approaches 286
                      • 9.5.3 Reactive models 288
                        • 9.5.3.1 Management of fluxes 289
                        • 9.5.3.2 Reaction to the environment 290
                        • 9.5.3.3 Integrated reactive models 292
                      • 9.6 Conclusion and perspectives 293
                    • 10 Applications of plant architecture: Haute cuisine for plant developmental biologists 303
                      • Hors-d’oeuvre: tender asparagus in melted lemon and Parmesan butter 303
                      • The wine list 305
                      • Starter: rosemary and Taleggio stuffed tomatoes on a bed of herbs 311
                      • Main course: pea and Pecorino risotto with saffron 313
                      • Dessert: individual apple tarts with strawberry coulis 315
                      • Coffee served with Deglet Noor 319
                    • Index 330

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