Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals

Description

Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals, Second Edition offers a detailed introduction to the foundations of anatomy and physiology in a wide range of domestic species. Well illustrated throughout, the book provides in-depth information on the guiding principles of this key area of study for animal science students, fostering a thorough understanding of the complex make-up of domestic animals. This Second Edition includes access to supplementary material online, including images and tables available for download in PowerPoint, a test bank of questions for instructors, and self-study questions for students at www.wiley.com/go/akers/anatomy.

Taking a logical systems-based approach, this new edition is fully updated and now provides more practical information, with descriptions of anatomic or physiological events in pets or domestic animals to demonstrate everyday applications. Offering greater depth of information than other books in this area, Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals is an invaluable textbook for animal science students and professionals in this area.

Cover 2
Title page 6
Copyright page 7
Contents 8
Preface 10
Preface to the First Edition 12
About the Companion Website 14
1: Introduction to anatomy and physiology 18
- Anatomy and physiology 18
- Levels of organization 19
- Homeostasis 20
  - Homeostatic regulatory mechanisms 20
- Feedback systems 22
  - Negative feedback system 22
  - Positive feedback system 22

Cover 2
Title page 6
Copyright page 7
Contents 8
Preface 10
Preface to the First Edition 12
About the Companion Website 14
1: Introduction to anatomy and physiology 18
- Anatomy and physiology 18
- Levels of organization 19
- Homeostasis 20
  - Homeostatic regulatory mechanisms 20
- Feedback systems 22
  - Negative feedback system 22
  - Positive feedback system 22
- Anatomical nomenclature 23
  - Directional and positional terms 23
  - Body planes 23
  - Body cavities and membranes 24
- References 25
2: The cell: The common physiological denominator 26
- Cells: A common denominator 26
- Water: The universal solvent 27
- Cellular organelles 29
  - Fluid mosaic model 30
  - Microscopy techniques 31
  - Organelles of the cytoplasm 34
  - Nuclear structure 40
- Cell growth and differentiation 42
  - Stages of the cell cycle 45
  - Stages of mitosis 46
  - Regulators of cell division 48
- Macromolecules and cellular physiology 49
  - Proteins 49
  - Carbohydrates 52
  - Lipids 54
  - Nucleic acids 55
- Cellular biochemistry 56
  - Chemical bonds 58
  - Chemical reactions 60
  - Significance of enzymes 60
- Extracellular environment and cell function 62
  - Osmosis 63
  - Transport mechanisms 65
- References 71
3: Fundamental biochemical pathways and processes in cellular physiology 72
- Metabolism and energetic definitions 72
- Production of ATP 75
- Glycolysis 76
  - The Cori cycle 79
- The Krebs cycle 79
- Intermediary metabolism: processing and pathways 82
  - Glycogenesis, gluconeogenesis, and glycolysis 82
  - Lipogenesis and lipolysis 85
  - Interconversions and catabolism of proteins 93
- Structure and function of DNA and RNA 94
  - Protein synthesis 95
- References 98
4: Tissue structure and organization 100
- Introduction 100
- Terminology and definitions 101
- Microscope general points 101
- Epithelial tissue 103
  - Epithelial tissue characteristics 104
  - Simple epithelium 106
  - Stratified epithelium 110
  - Epithelial cell junctions 114
  - Glandular epithelial types 116
- Connective tissue 117
  - Classification of connective tissue 118
  - Specialized connective tissues 121
- Muscle tissue 126
  - Skeletal muscle 127
  - Cardiac muscle 129
  - Smooth muscle 130
- Nervous tissue 130
- References 134
5: Integumentary system 136
- Overview of skin structure 136
  - Epidermis 137
  - Dermis 139
  - Specialized structures 140
- Biochemical properties of skin 145
  - Skin and coat color 145
  - Vitamin D metabolism 147
- Nails, claws, hoofs, and feathers 147
  - Feathers 150
  - Horns 150
- Leather 151
- References 153
6: Bones and skeletal system 154
- Bones 154
  - Classification of bones 154
  - Introduction 154
- Bone structure 155
  - Gross anatomy 155
  - Microscopic anatomy of bone 156
  - Hematopoietic tissue in bones 158
  - Chemical composition of bone 158
- Bone development 159
  - Endochondral ossification 159
  - Intramembranous ossification 159
- Bone growth, remodeling, and repair 160
  - Bone growth 160
  - Bone remodeling and repair 161
  - Repair of fractures 162
- Homeostatic imbalances of bone 163
  - Egg-laying fatigue in birds 163
  - Osteomalacia and rickets 163
  - Parturient paresis (milk fever) 163
- Bones and skeleton 163
  - Markings on bones 163
  - Skeleton 164
  - Skeleton classification 166
  - Skeletal cartilage 166
- Axial skeleton 167
  - The skull 167
  - The vertebral column 169
- Appendicular skeleton 171
  - Thoracic limbs 171
  - Pelvic limbs 178
- Avian skeleton 181
- Joints 182
  - Types of joints 182
  - Synovial joints 183
- Specific joints 186
  - Thoracic limb 186
  - Intervertebral articulations 186
  - Pelvis 187
  - Pelvic limb 188
- References 192
7: Muscular tissue 194
- Skeletal muscle 195
  - Connective tissues 195
  - Blood vessels and nerves 196
  - Skeletal muscle fibers 196
  - Sarcoplasmic reticulum 197
  - Myofibrils 197
  - Sarcomeres 198
- Muscle tissue overview 195
  - Functions of muscles 195
  - Introduction 195
  - Properties of muscles 195
- Contraction of skeletal muscle 200
  - Neuromuscular junction 200
  - Excitation-contraction coupling 201
  - Pharmacology of the neuromuscular junction 201
  - Sliding filament theory 203
  - Summary of skeletal muscle contraction 204
  - Length–tension relationships 204
  - Rigor mortis 204
  - A muscle twitch 205
  - Treppe 205
  - Summation 205
  - Isometric versus isotonic contraction 206
  - Muscle tone 206
  - Muscle relaxation or return to resting length 207
- Metabolism of skeletal muscle 207
  - Aerobic mechanism 208
  - Creatine phosphate 208
  - Anaerobic mechanism 208
  - Types of muscle fibers 209
  - Muscle fatigue and oxygen consumption 209
  - Effects of exercise on muscles 209
  - Heat production 209
- Cardiac muscle 210
  - Cardiac versus skeletal muscle cells 211
  - Functional characteristics 211
- Smooth muscle 211
  - Structure 211
  - Types of smooth muscle 211
  - Neural innervation of smooth muscle 212
  - Contraction of smooth muscle 212
- Muscle system 213
  - Naming muscles 213
  - Arrangements of fascicles 214
  - Muscles as levers 214
  - Muscle terminology 215
- Major skeletal muscles 216
  - Muscles of the head and neck 217
  - Muscles of the pectoral limb and lateral thorax 219
  - Muscles of the pelvic limb and body wall 222
  - Stay apparatus of a horse 225
- References 229
8: Introduction to the nervous system 230
- Organization of the nervous system 231
- The neuron 232
  - Cell body 232
  - Dendrites 232
  - Synapse 233
  - Axon 233
  - Classification of neurons 235
- Supportive cells 236
  - Oligodendrocytes 236
  - Ependymal cells 236
  - Astrocytes 236
  - Microglia 237
  - Satellite cells and Schwann cells 237
- Neurophysiology 237
  - The resting membrane potential 237
  - Membrane channels 239
  - Postsynaptic potentials 240
  - Generation of an action potential 241
  - Propagation of the action potential 242
  - Coding of stimulus intensity 244
- Synaptic transmission 244
  - Electrical transmission 244
  - Chemical transmission 244
  - Modulation of the synaptic signal 245
  - Neurotransmitters 246
- 9: Central nervous system 256
  - Embryonic development 256
    - Three brain vesicles 258
  - Organization of the brain 258
    - The cerebral hemispheres 258
    - Ventricles of the brain 260
    - Cerebral cortex 261
    - Cerebral white matter 262
    - Motor areas 262
    - Sensory areas 262
    - Hypothalamus 264
    - Diencephalon 264
    - Thalamus 264
    - Epithalamus 266
    - Mesencephalon 266
    - Metencephalon 267
    - Medulla oblongata 268
    - Functional systems 269
    - Cranial nerves 272
  - Organization of the spinal cord 273
  - Protection of the central nervous system 275
    - Meninges 275
    - Cerebrospinal fluid 275
    - Blood–brain barrier (BBB) 276
    - Blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier 276
  - References 279
- 10: Peripheral and autonomic nervous system 280
  - Nerves and ganglia 280
    - Nerves 280
    - Classification of nerves 281
    - Spinal nerves 281
    - Degeneration and regeneration of nerves 282
    - Ganglia 282
  - Sensory receptors 283
    - Classes of sensory receptors 283
    - General senses 283
  - Reflexes 289
    - Classification of reflexes 291
    - Spinal reflexes 292
    - Use of reflexes in diagnosis 296
  - Autonomic nervous system 296
    - Overview 296
    - Divisions of the autonomic nervous system 298
    - Anatomy of the autonomic nervous system 299
    - Physiology of the autonomic nervous system 301
    - Central nervous system control of the autonomic nervous system 303
  - References 311
- 11: Special senses 312
  - Olfaction: The sense of smell 312
    - Anatomy of olfactory receptors 312
    - Physiology of olfaction 313
    - Olfactory pathway 313
  - Gustation: The sense of taste 313
    - Tongue 313
    - Taste 314
  - Vision 316
    - Accessory structures of the eye 316
    - Anatomy of the eyeball 318
    - Physiology of vision 321
  - Hearing and balance 326
    - Anatomy of the ear 326
    - Sound 328
    - Physiology of equilibrium 329
    - Physiology of hearing 329
  - References 336
- 12: Endocrine system 338
  - Introduction and overview 338
  - Cell signaling 339
    - Mechanisms of cell surface hormone signaling 340
    - Mechanisms of internal hormone cell signaling 344
    - Receptors and regulation 346
    - Measuring circulating hormone concentrations 348
    - Endocrine and growth factor signaling 351
  - The hypophyseal–pituitary axis 352
    - Pituitary overview 352
    - Negative feedback loops 355
    - Hormones and cells of the posterior pituitary 356
  - Hormones of the anterior pituitary 358
    - Somatotropin (GH) 359
    - The somatomedin hypothesis 360
    - GH secretion 361
    - Prolactin 362
    - Prolactin secretion 363
    - Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing Hormone 364
    - Thyroid-stimulating hormone 365
    - Adrenocortropic hormone 366
  - Thyroid gland 367
    - Biosynthesis of triiodothyronine and thyroxine 367
    - Biological effects of thyroid hormones 367
    - Calcitonin 370
    - Parathyroid hormone 370
  - Adrenal gland 372
  - Endocrine pancreas 375
  - Other hormones and growth factors 377
  - IGF family 378

Author's affiliation

R. Michael Akers: Virgina Polytechnic Institute and State Unive
D. Michael Denbow: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ

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