Digital Signal Processing and Applications

Description

A uniquely practical DSP text, this book gives a thorough understanding of the principles and applications of DSP with a minimum of mathematics, and provides the reader with an introduction to DSP applications in telecoms, control engineering and measurement and data analysis systems.

The new edition contains:

• Expanded coverage of the basic concepts to aid understanding
• New sections on filter sysnthesis, control theory and contemporary topics of speech and image recognition
• Full solutions to all questions and exercises in the book

Assuming the reader already has some prior knowledge of signal theory, this textbook will be highly suitable for undergraduate and postgraduate students in electrical and electronic engineering taking introductory and advanced courses in DSP, as well as courses in communications and control systems engineering. It will also prove an invaluable introduction to DSP and its applications for the professional engineer.

Expanded coverage of the basic concepts to aid understanding, along with a wide range of DSP applications
New textbook features included throughout, including learning objectives, summary sections, exercises and worked examples to increase accessibility of the text
Full solutions to all questions and exercises included in the book

Cover 2
Digital Signal Processing and Applications 5
Contents 7
Preface 11
1 Introduction 13
- 1.1 The history of digital signal processing 13
  - 1.1.1 Measurements and analysis 14
  - 1.1.3 Audio and television 15
  - 1.1.2 Telecommunications 15
  - 1.1.4 Household appliances and toys 16
  - 1.1.5 Automotive 16
- Background 13
- Objectives 13
- 1.2 Digital signal processing basics 16
  - 1.2.1 Continuous and discrete signals 16

Cover 2
Digital Signal Processing and Applications 5
Contents 7
Preface 11
1 Introduction 13
- 1.1 The history of digital signal processing 13
  - 1.1.1 Measurements and analysis 14
  - 1.1.3 Audio and television 15
  - 1.1.2 Telecommunications 15
  - 1.1.4 Household appliances and toys 16
  - 1.1.5 Automotive 16
- Background 13
- Objectives 13
- 1.2 Digital signal processing basics 16
  - 1.2.1 Continuous and discrete signals 16
  - 1.2.2 Sampling and reconstruction 17
  - 1.2.3 Quantization 20
  - 1.2.4 Processing models for discrete-time series 21
    - 1.2.4.1 Linear systems 21
    - 1.2.4.2 The difference equation model 23
    - 1.2.4.3 The state–space model 24
    - 1.2.4.4 The convolution model 25
    - 1.2.4.5 The transfer function model 26
    - 1.2.4.6 The frequency function model 27
  - 1.3 Common filters 29
    - 1.3.1 Filter architectures 29
      - 1.3.1.1 The non-recursive filter 30
      - 1.3.1.2 The recursive filter 30
      - 1.3.1.3 The lattice filter 33
    - 1.3.2 Filter synthesis 34
      - 1.3.2.1 Indirect filter synthesis 38
      - 1.3.2.2 Direct filter synthesis 41
    - 1.4 Digital control systems 44
      - 1.4.1 Proportional-integral-derivate controllers 47
      - 1.4.2 Advanced controllers 48
        
        1.4.2.2 Pole placement controller 48
      - Review questions 50
      - Summary 50
      - Solved problems 51
    - 2 The analog–digital interface 53
      - 2.1 System considerations 53
        
        2.1.1 Encoding and modulation 53
        
        2.1.2 Number representation and companding systems 56
      - Background 53
      - Objectives 53
      - 2.2 Digital-to-analog conversion 59
        
        2.2.1 Multiplying digital-to-analog converters 61
        
        2.2.2 Integrating digital-to-analog converters 65
        
        2.2.3 Bitstream digital-to-analog converters 66
        
        2.2.4 Sample-and-hold and reconstruction filters 68
      - 2.3 Analog-to-digital conversion 70
        
        2.3.1 Anti-aliasing filters and sample-and-hold 72
        
        2.3.2 Flash analog-to-digital converters 73
        
        2.3.3 Successive approximation analog-to-digital converters 74
        
        2.3.4 Counting analog-to-digital converters 76
        
        2.3.5 Integrating analog-to-digital converters 77
        
        2.3.6 Dither 80
        
        2.3.7 Sigma–delta analog-to-digital converters 80
      - Summary 82
      - Review questions 83
      - Solved problems 83
    - 3 Adaptive digital systems 85
      - Objectives 85
      - 3.1 Introduction 85
        
        3.1.1 System structure 86
      - Background 85
      - 3.2 The processor and the performance function 87
        
        3.2.1 The adaptive linear combiner 87
        
        3.2.2 The performance function 89
      - 3.3 Adaptation algorithms 92
        
        3.3.1 The method of steepest descent 92
        
        3.3.2 Newton's method 93
        
        3.3.3 The least mean square algorithm 95
      - 3.4 Applications 96
        
        3.4.1 Adaptive interference canceling 96
        
        3.4.2 Equalizers 98
        
        3.4.3 Adaptive beamforming 101
      - Solved problems 105
      - Summary 105
      - Review questions 105
    - 4 Non-linear applications 107
      - Objectives 107
      - 4.1 The median filter 107
        
        4.1.1 Basics 107
        
        4.1.2 Threshold decomposition 108
        
        4.1.3 Performance 110
        
        4.1.4 Applications 111
      - Background 107
      - 4.2 Artificial neural networks 112
        
        4.2.2 The models 112
        
        4.2.1 Background 112
        
        4.2.3 Some historical notes 113
        
        4.2.4 Feedforward networks 114
        
        4.2.4.1 Nodes 114
        
        4.2.4.2 Network topology 115
        
        4.2.4.3 Training and adaptation 119
        
        4.2.4.4 Applications 122
        
        4.2.5 Feedback networks 124
        
        4.2.5.1 Nodes 124
        
        4.2.5.2 Network topology 125
        
        4.2.5.3 Local and global minimum 126
        
        4.2.5.4 Applications 127
        
        4.2.6 An example application 128
        
        4.2.6.1 The problem 128
        
        4.2.6.2 The Hamming net 128
        
        4.2.6.3 The feedforward input layer 129
        
        4.2.6.4 The feedback layer, MAXNET 131
        
        4.3 Fuzzy logic 133
        
        4.3.1 General 133
        
        4.3.2 Membership functions 134
        
        4.3.3 Fuzzy rules and inference 135
        
        4.3.4 Defuzzification 139
        
        4.3.5 Applications 140
        
        Review questions 141
        
        Summary 141
        
        Solved problems 142
      - 5 Spectral analysis and modulation 143
        
        5.1 Discrete Fourier transform and fast Fourier transform 143
        
        Background 143
        
        Objectives 143
        
        5.2 Spectral analysis 146
        
        5.2.1 Discrete Fourier transform and fast Fourier transform approaches 147
        
        5.2.2 Using the auto-correlation function 149
        
        5.2.3 Periodogram averaging 150
        
        5.2.4 Parametric spectrum analysis 152
        
        5.2.5 Wavelet analysis 155
        
        5.3 Modulation 158
        
        5.3.1 Amplitude shift keying (ASK) 158
        
        5.3.2 Frequency shift keying (FSK) 160
        
        5.3.3 Phase shift keying (PSK) 163
        
        5.3.4 Complex modulation 166
        
        5.3.5 The Hilbert transformer 168
        
        Summary 169
        
        Review questions 170
        
        Solved problems 170
      - 6 Introduction to Kalman filters 171
        
        6.1 An intuitive approach 171
        
        6.1.1 Recursive least square estimation 172
        
        6.1.2 The pseudo-inverse 175
        
        Background 171
        
        Objectives 171
        
        6.2 The Kalman filter 177
        
        6.2.1 The signal model 177
        
        6.2.2 The filter 179
        
        6.2.3 Kalman filter properties 185
        
        6.2.4 Applications 188
        
        Summary 188
        
        Review questions 189
        
        Solved problems 189
      - 7 Data compression 191
        
        Objectives 191
        
        7.1 An information theory primer 191
        
        7.1.1 Historic notes 191
        
        7.1.2 Information and entropy 192
        
        7.1.2.1 Some concluding remarks about the concept of entropy 196
        
        7.2 Source coding 196
        
        7.2.1 Huffman algorithm 197
        
        7.2.2 Delta modulation, adaptive delta modulation and continuously variable slope delta modulation 200
        
        7.2.3 Differential pulse code modulation and adaptive differential pulse code modulation 202
        
        7.2.4 Speech coding, adaptive predictive coding and sub-band coding 204
        
        7.2.5 Vocoders and linear predictive coding 205
        
        7.2.6 Image coding, joint photographics expert group (JPEG), moving pictures expert group (MPEG) 209
        
        7.2.7 The layer-3 of MPEG-1 algorithm (MP3) 212
        
        7.2.8 The Lempel–Ziv algorithm 213
        
        7.3 Recognition techniques 215
        
        7.3.1 A general problem formulation 215
        
        7.3.2 Speech recognition 217
        
        7.3.3 Image recognition 217
        
        Summary 218
        
        Review questions 219
        
        Solved problems 219
        
        Background 191
        
        8 Error-correcting codes 221
        
        8.1 Channel coding 221
        
        8.1.1 The channel model 222
        
        8.1.2 The channel capacity 225
        
        Background 221
        
        Objectives 221
        
        8.2 Error-correcting codes 227
        
        8.2.1 Hamming distance and error correction 227
        
        8.2.2 Linear block codes 230
        
        8.2.3 Cyclic codes, Bose, Chaudhuri, Hocquenghem codes 235
        
        8.2.4 Convolution codes 241
        
        8.2.5 Viterbi decoding 242
        
        8.2.6 Interleaving 246
        
        8.2.7 Concatenated codes and turbo codes 248
        
        Summary 250
        
        Review questions 250
        
        Solved problems 251
        
        9 Digital signal processors 253
        
        Objectives 253
        
        9.1 System considerations 253
        
        9.1.1 Applications and requirements 253
        
        9.1.2 Hardware implementation 255
        
        Background 253
        
        9.2 Digital signal processors versus conventional microprocessors 258
        
        9.2.1 Conventional microprocessors 258
        
        9.2.1.1 Architecture 258
        
        9.2.1.2 Instruction repertoire 259
        
        9.2.1.3 Interface 260
        
        9.2.2 Digital signal processors 260
        
        9.2.2.1 Architecture 260
        
        9.2.2.2 Instruction repertoire 262
        
        9.2.2.3 Interface 262
        
        9.3 Programming digital signal processors 263
        
        9.3.1 The development process 263
        
        9.3.2 Digital signal processing programming languages 264
        
        9.3.3 The program structure 265
        
        9.3.4 Arithmetic issues 266
        
        9.3.5 Data structures and addressing modes 269
        
        9.3.6 The state machine 271
        
        9.4 Implementation examples 277
        
        9.4.1 Finite impulse response-type filter 277
        
        9.4.2 Infinite impulse response-type filter 284
        
        9.5 Future systems and chips 287
        
        Summary 288
        
        Review questions 288
        
        Solved problems 288
        
        Appendix 1 Solutions to problems 291
        
        Appendix 2 A MATLAB™/Simulink™ primer 325
        
        A2.2 Basics 325
        
        A2.2.1 Some simple math 327
        
        A2.2.2 Variables, scalars, vectors and matrices 328
        
        A2.2.2.1 Scalars 328
        
        A2.2.2.2 Vectors and matrices 329
        
        A2.2.2.3 Vector and matrix computations 330
        
        A2.2.2.4 Addressing vectors and matrices 332
        
        A2.2.2.5 Sequences 333
        
        A2.2.3 Basic input/output and graphics 335
        
        A2.2.3.1 Input 335
        
        A2.2.3.2 Numerical and character output 336
        
        A2.2.3.3 Graphic output 336
        
        A2.2.4 Other programming structures 339
        
        A2.2.4.1 Conditional execution 339
        
        A2.2.4.2 Loop structures 340
        
        A2.3 Workspace, scripts and functions 340
        
        A2.3.1 The workspace 340
        
        A2.3.2 Scripts and m-files 341
        
        A2.3.3 Functions 342
        
        A2.4 Some useful functions 343
        
        A2.4.1 Linear systems 343
        
        A2.4.2 Filter design 345
        
        A2.4.2.1 Analog filter design 345
        
        A2.4.2.2 Transformations 347
        
        A2.4.2.3 Digital filter design 348
        
        A2.4.3 Fast Fourier transform and convolution 349
        
        A2.5 Simulink™ 350
        
        A2.1 Introduction 325
        
        A2.1.1 The software 325
        
        References 353
        
        Glossary 357
        
        C 357
        
        A 357
        
        B 357
        
        E 358
        
        F 358
        
        D 358
        
        H 359
        
        L 359
        
        I 359
        
        M 359
        
        G 359
        
        J 359
        
        N 360
        
        Q 360
        
        O 360
        
        R 360
        
        P 360
        
        S 360
        
        V 361
        
        Z 361
        
        T 361
        
        W 361
        
        U 361
        
        X 361
        
        Index 363
        
        B 363
        
        A 363
        
        D 364
        
        C 364
        
        G 365
        
        E 365
        
        H 365
        
        F 365
        
        L 366
        
        J 366
        
        M 366
        
        K 366
        
        I 366
        
        O 367
        
        P 367
        
        N 367
        
        R 368
        
        S 368
        
        Q 368
        
        T 369
        
        W 369
        
        Z 369
        
        U 369
        
        X 369
        
        V 369
        
        Y 369

Author's affiliation

Dag Stranneby: University of Orebro, Sweden

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