Science, Technology and Society

Opis

Science, Technology and Society: Needs, Challenges and Limitations focuses on the role of science and technology in promoting development as well as its limitation in shaping the society. The text outlines the contributions that this field has provided in health, industries, agriculture, transportation, and communication.
The book puts emphasis on the role of technologists and scientists in promoting development, such as in the fields of biology and medicine. The text notes the emergence of socio-economic problems in the sector of food and agriculture and how these problems can be solved by the application of agricultural technologies. Case studies in this regard that is presented in this book include fish handling and distribution, improving soil fertility, and feed resources for animal feeding. The role of science and technology in the management of water resources is noted, and the problems associated with the application of science and technology to water resources development are discussed. Science and technology has also played an important role in improving the quality of life in human settlements.
The text is a valuable source of data for scientists and technologists who aim to improve science and technology and serve the interest of mankind.

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Front Cover 2
Science, Technology and Society: Needs, Challenges and Limitations 5
Copyright Page 6
Table of Contents 7
OPENING STATEMENT 11
ADDRESS ON BEHALF OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL OF THE UNITED NATIONS 15
STATEMENT 19
INAUGURAL ADDRESS 27
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 31
- I. From UNCSAT to UNCSTD 31
- II. The Role of ACAST in the Preparation of the Vienna Conference 33
- III. The ACAST Colloquium - Background and Organization 37
- References 43
CHAPTER 2. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR DEVELOPMENT: A TURNING POINT: CERTAIN IMPERATIVES FOR THE FUTURE 45
- Introduction 45

Front Cover 2
Science, Technology and Society: Needs, Challenges and Limitations 5
Copyright Page 6
Table of Contents 7
OPENING STATEMENT 11
ADDRESS ON BEHALF OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL OF THE UNITED NATIONS 15
STATEMENT 19
INAUGURAL ADDRESS 27
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 31
- I. From UNCSAT to UNCSTD 31
- II. The Role of ACAST in the Preparation of the Vienna Conference 33
- III. The ACAST Colloquium - Background and Organization 37
- References 43
CHAPTER 2. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR DEVELOPMENT: A TURNING POINT: CERTAIN IMPERATIVES FOR THE FUTURE 45
- Introduction 45
- Turning Point 46
- Potential Interventions 47
- Incentives and Shifts in Value Systems 48
- Quantitative Anticipation of Problems: Technology Forecasting and Assessment 49
- Communications Between the Scientific Community and Society 49
- Plea for Greater Participation of Scientists and Technologists in Developing Models of Development 50
- Search for Optimum Administrative Structures for Scientific and Technological Activity 51
- Analysis of the Problems in Some of the Important Sectors 51
- Conclusion 57
CHAPTER 3. HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS 58
- Energy 59
- Information 60
- Materials and Chemical Compounds 60
- Biology and Medicine 61
CHAPTER 4. SOCIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF TRADITION AND CHANGE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 64
- Introduction 64
- Tradition and Change 65
- Science and Technology in Historical Perspective 66
- The Limits of Evolutioniam 68
- Diffusionism or Penetration 70
- Reorienting and Restructuring Science and Technology 72
- South-South and North-South Dialogue 74
CHAPTER 5. STRUCTURE AND PERFORMANCE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN DEVELOPMENT PROCESS 77
- Working Papers and Recommendations 83
CHAPTER 6. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROBLEMS AND THEIR POSSIBLE SOLUTION IN THE GENERATION, APPLICATION AND TRANSFER 86
- Abstract 86
- Introduction 87
- Change of Epoch. Agriculture and World Food Supply 88
- A World Programme and Action is Needed 93
- The Role of Science and Technology 99
CHAPTER 7. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE AS A TOOL FOR DEVELOPMENT 102
- Case Study 1: The development of a multidisciplinary national agricultural research institute 102
- Abstract 102
- Case Study 2: Improvement of fish handling and distribution 103
- Case Study 3: Improving soil fertility through organic recycling 104
- Case Study 4: New feed resources; treating straw for animal feeding 104
- Introduction 105
- Case Study 1: The Development of a Multidisciplinary National Agricultural Research Institute 109
- Case Study 2: Improvement of Fish Handling and Distribution 113
- Case Study 3: Improving Soil Fertility Through Organic Recycling 116
- Case Study 4: New Feed Resources - Treating Straw for Αnmal. Feeding 120
- Report on Food and Agriculture 124
CHAPTER 8. HEALTH TROPICAL HEALTH Special Programnie for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases 127
- Abstract 127
- State of the Art 128
- Introduction 128
- Future Trends 131
- Neglected Areas 144
- Obstacles and Problems 145
- Possible Solutions 147
- Conclusion 148
- Recommendations 148
- Report on Health 150
CHAPTER 9. NATURAL RESOURCES NATURAL RESOURCES: WATER AND NON-RENEWABLE MINERALS 152
- Abstract 152
- Current Status 153
- Introduction 153
- Futtire Trends 158
- Socio-Economic Aspects 160
- Obstacles, Problems and Possible Solutions 162
- Draft Recommendations 164
CHAPTER 10. NATURAL RESOURCES NATURAL RESOURCES: EARTH, WATER, MARINE 167
- Abstract 167
- Introduction 168
- State of the Art of Earth Sciences 168
- EARTH SCIENCES AND INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION 168
- Neglected Areas 170
- Major Advances in Earth Science Studies and Future Trends 171
- Possible Solutions for General Problema 173
- Impact of International Co-Operation 174
- Recommendations 175
CHAPTER 11. WATER RSSOURCES 176
- Introduction 176
- Background to Application of Science and Technology to Water Resources Management 176
- Status and Trends in Water Science and Technology 181
- Institutional Development For The Application of Science and Technology to Water Resources Management 183
- Social Aspects of the Application of Science and Technology in Water Resources Development 185
- Obstacles to tho Application of Science and Technolog to Water Resources Managenent 187
- Recommendations 190
CHAPTER 12. MARINE SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY 191
- Introduction 191
- The Marine Sciences 192
- Exploitation of the Sea: Factor for Development 193
- Considerations Concerning the Application of the Marine Sciences to Development 193
- Final Considerations 200
CHAPTER 13. DEVELORIENT THROUGH APPLICATION OF MARINE SCIENCE TO MARIME RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 201
- State of the Art - the Challenge 201
- Future Trends 202
- Social Aspects - Development of Manpower Through Training 210
- Obstacles to Development and Application of Marine Science and Technology Capabilities 212
- Possible Solutions - An International Strategy for Application 213
- Recommendations 214
- Report on Natural Resources 217
CHAPTER 14. TRANSPORT THE ROLE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN TRANSPORT: TRENDS; STATE OF THE ART; GAPS AND SOLUTIONS 220
- Abstract 220
- Future Trends: Growing Transport Needs 221
- Introduction 221
- Bottlenecks - Their Elimination - Science and Technology 224
- State of the Art - The Role of Science and Technology 225
- Neglected Areas 230
- Socio-Economic Aspects, Obstacles, Solutions 233
- Report on Transport 235
CHAPTER 15. COMMUNICATION THE APPLICATION OF TELECOMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY TO DEVELOPMENT 237
- Abstract 237
- Introduction 238
- Telecommunications Today: State of the Art 239
- Telecommunications and Development: The Challenges 241
- The Role of Telecommunications in Development of Rural Areas 245
- Concluding Remarks: Technological Progress for all Users 252
- Footnotes 256
- Background References 257
- Annex 1 258
- Annex 2 259
- System Parameters 260
- Telecommunication Characteristics 261
- Characteristics of Satellite Services 261
- Telecommunications For Rural Development Optimized Satellite System 261
- Report on CoMninlcation« 267
CHAPTER 16. POPULATION POPULATION ISSUES FOR THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL COMMUNITY 269
- Abstract 269
- Introduction 270
- Population Programmes 276
- Problem Areas and Needed Research The Setting: Population and Development 278
- Concluding Remarks 288
- References 290
- Report on Population 291
CHAPTER 17. HUMAN SETTLMENTS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN HUMAN SETILMENT: APPLICATIONS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR IMPROVING QUA 293
- Settlement Policies and Strategies 293
- Abstract 293
- Settlement Planning 296
- Shelter. Infrastructure and Services 299
- Public Participation 311
- Institutions and Management 312
- Summary/Concluslons 315
- Report on Human Settlements 317
CHAPTER 18. ENVIRONMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN HUMID TROPICAL ECOSYSTEMS 319
- Abstract 319
- Introduction 320
- Characteristics and Potential of Humid Tropical Ecosystems 321
- Obstacles to Development and Trends in Research and its Application 327
- Recomnendations 337
- References 339
CHAPTER 19. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 343
- Introduction 343
- Abstract 343
- Energy 348
- Global Issues 348
- Food 352
- Health 354
- Shelter 357
- Report on Ehvironment 359
CHAPTER 20. ENERGY SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SUPPUES FOR OUR WORLD 361
- Abstract 361
- Introduction 362
- Some Facts and Figui-es 363
- The IIASA Study 364
- Energy Supply Options 368
- Central Station Solar Power 370
- Global Energy Scenarios 372
- Nuclear and Solar Power 375
- Conclusions and Observations 377
- Report on Energy 402
CHAPTER 21. INDUSTRIALIZATION INDUSTRIALIZATION AND CAPITAL GOODS PRODUCTION: A DEVELOPING COUNTRY PERSPECTIVE 403
- Abstract 403
- Introduction 404
- Current Situation 407
- Neglected and/or Problem Areas 412
- Conclusions and Recommendations 415
- References 419
- Report on Industrialization Including Production of Capltail Goods 423
CHAPTER 22. APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY: AN OVERVIEW 426
- Abstract 426
- The State of the Art 427
- Introduction 427
- Constraints to Implementing Appropriate Technology 434
- Recommendations for Action 438
- Selected Bibliography 443
- Report on Appropriate Technology 446
CHAPTER 23. INFORMATION SYSTEMS SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS FOR DEVELOPMENT 448
- Abstract 448
- Introduction 449
- International Efforts for the Transfer of Scientific and Technological Information; State of the Art 452
- Obstacles 460
- Future Trends 469
- Conclusions and Sugested Recommendations 474
- Bibliography 478
- Annex I 478
- Annex II 479
- Network for the Exchange of Technological Information 480
- The SPINES Pilot Programe of UNESCO 480
- Conclusions 482
- Report on Information Systems in Science and Technology 484
CHAPTER 24. MOBILIZING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY TO INCREASE INDIGENOUS CAPABILITIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 487
- Introduction: Historical Perspective 487
- Indigenous Capabilities for What? 489
- Constraints 490
- What Το Do 491
- National Governments in the developed world should 492
- The United Nations should 492
CHAPTER 25. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT PLANNING 494
CHAPTER 26. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND GLOBAL PROBLEMS 500
CHAPTER 27. MOBILIZING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR INCREASING THE ENDOGENOUS CAPABILITIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 506
- Abstract 506
- Introduction 507
- Historical Perspective 507
- Relation Between Science. Technology and Underdevelopment 508
- Towards Endogenous Science and Technology Development 509
- Endogenous Capability as a Self-generating System 511
- Prerequisites to Creating Endogenous Capabilities 512
- Infrastructure for Insuring Endogenous Capability 513
- Transformations in the Social Context for Science and Technology 517
- Social Responsibility of Scientists and Technologists 519
- National Mechanisms 520
- International Mechanisms for Co-operation 522
- Conclusions and Recommendations 527
- Annex I 528
- Annex II 529
- Report on Mobilizing Science and Technology for Increasing Endogenous Capabilities in Developing Countries 530
CHAPTER 28. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT PLANNING: A REVIEW OF KEY ISSUES 533
- Abstract 533
- A Review of the State of the Art in Science and Technology Planning 534
- Advances In Planning Methodologies and Techniques 549
- Intemational Dimensions of Science and Technology Planning 557
- Towards a Conceptual Framework to Link Science, Technology and Development 562
- Concluding Remarks: Possible Nev Directions for Science and Technology Planning 567
- A: Selected Material on Conceptual Approaches to Science and Technolopy Planning 571
- Appendix 571
- Report on Interrelation Betveen Science and Technology and Development Planning 592
CHAPTER 29. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND LONG-TERM GLOBAL PROBLEMS: AN INTERNATIONAL POLICY PERSPECTIVE 595
- Abstract 595
- Introduction 596
- Defining Global Problems 598
- Policy Mechanisms for Dealing with Global Problems 600
- Case Studies of Existing Mechanisms 605
- Conclusion 611
- Report on Interrelations Between Science emd Technology and Longer-term Global Problems 613
CHAPTER 30. CONCLUDING REMARK 616
CHAPTER 31. STATEMENT TO THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR DEVELOPMENT ON BEHALF OF IHE ADVISORY COMMI 620
- SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS 625
ANNEX I 631
- Programme Summary 631
ANNEX II 632
- PARTICIPANIS AT ACAST COLLOQIUM 632
REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM 648
ACAST MEMBERS WHO COULD NOT ATTEND THE COLLOQIUM 654

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