Chromosome Engineering in Plants

Description

This two-volume work surveys the entire range of general aspects of chromosome research on plants. This first volume is divided into two sections. Section A consists of 11 chapters covering the entire range of general aspects of chromosome research in plants (including a chapter on genetic engineering in crop improvement). Section B is devoted to cytogenetics of cereals and millets (wheat, rye, barley, triticale, oats, maize, rice, pearl millet, and minor millets). More than one chapter is devoted to the same crop to give a detailed treatment of chromosome research (including molecular biology) in these crops.

The second volume deals with cytogenetics of plant materials including legumes, vegetable and oil crops, sugar crops, forage crops, fibre crops, medicinal crops and ornamentals. This work will be useful both as a reference work and a teaching aid to satisfy a wide range of workers. Every chapter has been written by an expert who has been involved in chromosome research on a particular plant material for many years.

Front Cover 2
Chromosome Engineering in Plants: Genetics, Breeding, Evolution 5
Copyright Page 6
Preface 7
Table of Contents 9
List of Contributors 13
Chapter 1. Chromosome Mani pulations in Higher Plants—An Overview 19
- 1.INTRODUCTION 19
- 2. CYTOGENETIC STUDIES IN CROP PLANTS 20
- 3. CYTOGENETICS IN CHROMOSOME MAPPING (INCLUDING MOLECULAR MARKERS) 21
- 5. CYTOGENETICS IN CROP IMPROVEMENT 23
- 4. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF SPECIFIC GENES 23
- 6. CYTOGENETICS IN EVOLUTION OF PLANTS 26
- 7. ORGANELLAR CYTOGENETICS 27
Section A—General Features 19

Front Cover 2
Chromosome Engineering in Plants: Genetics, Breeding, Evolution 5
Copyright Page 6
Preface 7
Table of Contents 9
List of Contributors 13
Chapter 1. Chromosome Mani pulations in Higher Plants—An Overview 19
- 1.INTRODUCTION 19
- 2. CYTOGENETIC STUDIES IN CROP PLANTS 20
- 3. CYTOGENETICS IN CHROMOSOME MAPPING (INCLUDING MOLECULAR MARKERS) 21
- 5. CYTOGENETICS IN CROP IMPROVEMENT 23
- 4. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF SPECIFIC GENES 23
- 6. CYTOGENETICS IN EVOLUTION OF PLANTS 26
- 7. ORGANELLAR CYTOGENETICS 27
- 8. SYMBOLS AND TERMINOLOGY FOR CHROMOSOME NUMBERS 28
- REFERENCES 29
Section A—General Features 19
Chapter 2. Terminology of Chromosome Numberst 33
- 1. INTRODUCTION 33
- 2. HETEROPLOIDY-ANEUPLOIDY 34
- 3. MIXOPLOIDY, ENDOPOLYPLOIDY 40
- 4. HAPLOID-DIPLOID, NUMERIC SYMBOLS 41
- 5. CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMARY 42
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 43
- REFERENCES 43
Chapter 3. Genetic Engineering in Crop Improvement 45
- 1. INTRODUCTION 45
- 2. GENETIC ENGINEERING OF PLANTS 47
- 3. PLANT BREEDING AND MOLECULAR INTERVENTS 58
- 4. INCOMING AND FUTURE APPLICATIONS 71
- 5. CONCLUDING REMARKS 74
- REFERENCES 76
Chapter 4. Variation in Nuclear and Individual Chromosomal DNA Content and its Role in Evolution of Plants! 89
- 1. INTRODUCTION 89
- 2. DNA CONTENT OF NUCLEUS AND CHROMOSOME 90
- 3. DNA AMOUNT AND EVOLUTION 96
- 4. VARIATION IN DNA CONTENT AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION 98
- 5. CONCLUSIONS 99
- REFERENCES 99
Chapter 5. Cytogenetics of Chromosome Interchanges in Plants 105
- 1. INTRODUCTION 105
- 3. CYTOLOGY OF INTERCHANGES AND UADRIVALENT ORIENTATION 106
- 2. OCCURRENCE AND PRODUCTION 106
- 4. IDENTIFICATION OF CHROMOSOMES INVOLVED IN INTERCHANGES AND LOCATION OF BREAKPOINTS 114
- 5. USES OF INTERCHANGES 116
- 6. SOME SPECIAL KINDS OF INTERCHANGES 121
- 7. INTERCHANGES IN EVOLUTION 123
- 8. CONCLUSIONS 125
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 125
- REFERENCES 126
Chapter 6. Karyotype Reconstruction in Plants with Special Emphasis on Vicia faba L. 131
- 2. OCCURRENCE AND PRODUCTION 106
- 3. CYTOLOGY OF INTERCHANGES AND QUADRIVALENT ORIENTATION 106
- 4. IDENTIFICATION OF CHROMOSOMES INVOLVED IN INTERCHANGES AND LOCATION OF BREAKPOINTS 114
- 5. USES OF INTERCHANGES 116
- 6. SOME SPECIAL KINDS OF INTERCHANGES 121
- 7. INTERCHANGES IN EVOLUTION 123
- 8. CONCLUSIONS 125
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 125
- REFERENCES 126
- 1. INTRODUCTION 131
Chapter 6. Karyotype Reconstruction in Plants with Special Emphasis on Vicia faba L. 131
- 1. INTRODUCTION 131
- 2. KARYOTYPE RECONSTRUCTIONS DUE TO PRIMARY STRUCTURAL REARRANGEMENTS OF CHROMOSOMES 134
- 3. KARYOTYPE RECONSTRUCTIONS DUE TO SECONDARY STRUCTURAL REARRANGEMENTS OF CHROMOSOMES 135
- 4. DUPLICATION AND DELETION OF CHROMOSOME SEGMENTS 138
- 5. PSEUDOANEUPLOIDS 141
- 6. ANEUPLOIDS 150
- 7. POLYPLOIDY 154
- 8. CONCLUSIONS 154
- REFERENCES 155
Chapter 7. Cytogenetics of B-Chromosomes in Crops 159
- 1. INTRODUCTION 159
- 2. OCCURRENCE 160
- 3. CYTOGENETICS 161
- 4. SUMMARY 172
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 173
- REFERENCES 173
Chapter 8. Cytogenetics of Polyploids and Their Diploid Progenitors 177
- 1. INTRODUCTION 177
- 2. CYTOGENETICS OF DIPLOIDS 178
- 3. CYTOGENETICS OF POLYPLOIDS 185
- 4. WHEN ARE GENOMES DIFFERENT 191
- 5. UNANSWERED QUESTIONS 192
- 6. APPLICATION 194
- REFERENCES 195
- 7. TOWARD MORE QUANTIFICATION OF DATA 195
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 195
Chapter 9. Monosomie Analysis in Maize and Other Diploid Crop Plants 199
- 1. INTRODUCTION 199
- 2. SOURCES OF MONOSOMICS 200
- 3. USES OF MONOSOMICS 209
- 4. DISCUSSION 222
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 223
- REFERENCES 224
Chapter 10. Cytogenetic Changes During Seed Storage 229
- 1. INTRODUCTION 229
- 2. SPONTANEOUS MUTATIONS AND SEED AGING 229
- 3. FACTORS INFLUENCING CHROMOSOMAL AND GENIC CHANGES DURING SEED STORAGE 230
- 4. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOSS OF GERMINABILITY A N D OCCURRENCE OF CYTOGENETIC CHANGES 234
- 5. FATE OF CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS DURING PLANT GROWTH 235
- 6. TYPES OF CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS 237
- 7. CAUSES OF CYTOGENETIC CHANGES BY SEED AGING 239
- 8. CONCLUSIONS 241
- REFERENCES 241
Chapter 11. Apomixis in Crop Plants—Cytogenetic Basis and Role in Plant Breeding 247
- 1. INTRODUCTION 247
- 2. CYTOLOGY 248
- 3. IDENTIFYING APOMIXIS 252
- 4. SOURCES OF GENES CONTROLLING APOMIXIS 254
- 5. GENETICS OF APOMIXIS 256
- 6. ADVANTAGES OF APOMIXIS 257
- 7. APOMIXIS IN PLANT BREEDING 258
- REFERENCES 259
Chapter 12. Cytogenetics of Wheat and its Close Wild Relatives—Triticum and Aegilops 261
- 2. TAXONOMY AND CLASSIFICATION 261
- 1. INTRODUCTION 261
- 3. CHROMOSOME NUMBERS, POLYPLOIDY AND KARYOTYPES 263
- 4. HOMOEOLOGOUS RELATIONSHIPS 266
- 5. DIPLOIDIZING SYSTEM IN BREAD WHEAT 267
- 6. GENOME ANALYSIS AND EVOLUTION 268
- 7. ANEUPLOIDS IN HEXAPLOID WHEAT 272
- 8. ANEUPLOIDS IN TETRAPLOID WHEAT 274
- 9. CONCLUSIONS 275
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 276
- REFERENCES 276
Chapter 13. Molecular Genetics of Wheat 281
- 1. INTRODUCTION 281
- 2. WHEAT GENOME (NUCLEAR DNA) 282
- 3. DNA RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN WHEAT AND OTHER RELATED SPECIES 283
- 4. RIBOSOMAL DNA IN WHEAT 292
- 5. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF STORAGE PROTEINS 295
- 6. CLONING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF OTHER GENES 296
- 7. TRANSFORMATION A N D REGENERATION STUDIES 297
- 8. ORGANELLAR GENETICS 298
- 9. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS 300
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 301
- REFERENCES 301
Chapter 14. Alien Genetic Variation in Wheat Improvement 309
- 1. INTRODUCTION 309
- 2. HOMOLOGOUS TRANSFERS 310
- 3. HOMOEOLOGOUS TRANSFERS 312
- 4. SPECIAL PROBLEMS WITH TRANSFER CHROMOSOMES AND METHODS TO OVERCOME THEM 315
- 5. CURRENT CONTRIBUTION OF ALIEN GENES TO WHEAT IMPROVEMENT 320
- 6. LIMITATIONS AND POSSIBILITIES OF ALIEN GENE TRANSFER 323
- 7. FUTURE PROSPECTS AND CONCLUSIONS 325
- REFERENCES 326
Chapter 15. Chromosome Manipulations in Secale (Rye) 331
- 1. INTRODUCTION 331
- 2. THE GENUS SECALE 331
- 3. THE GENOME IN THE GENUS SECALE 332
- 4. CHROMOSOME BEHAVIOUR IN HYBRIDS WITH TRITICEAE SPECIES 342
- 5. TRISOMICS AND OTHER ANEUPLOIDS 344
- 6. IN VITRO CELL CULTURES 345
- 7. CONCLUSIONS 346
- REFERENCES 346
Chapter 16. Cytogenetics of Triticale—A Man-Made Cereal 353
- 1. INTRODUCTION 353
- 2. SYNTHESIS OF TRITICALES 353
- 3. METHODS OF IMPROVEMENT 355
- 4. CHROMOSOME CONSTITUTION IN TRITICALES 356
- 5. HETEROCHROMATIN OF RYE CHROMOSOMES AND TRITICALE CYTOGENETICS 361
- 6. ANEUPLOIDY AND MEIOTIC INSTABILITY 368
- 8. USE OF ph MUTANT IN TRITICALE IMPROVEMENT 369
- 9. NUCLEOLAR ORGANIZING REGIONS (NORs) IN TRITICALES 369
- 7. WIDE CROSSES UTILIZING HEXAPLOID TRITICALES 369
- REFERENCES 370
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 370
Chapter 17. Chromosome Mapping by Means of Aneuploid Analysis in Barley 379
- 1. INTRODUCTION 379
- 2. PRIMARY TRISOMIC ANALYSIS 380
- 4. TERTIARY TRISOMIC ANALYSIS 382
- 5. TELOTRISOMIC ANALYSIS 382
- 3. SECONDARY TRISOMIC ANALYSIS 382
- 6. GENETIC-LINKAGE ANALYSIS BY MEANS OF ACROTRISOMICS AND OTHER TRISOMICS 390
- 7. ADVANTAGES AND PROBLEMS OF ANEUPLOID ANALYSIS IN GENETIC-LINKAGE STUDIES 393
- 8. FUTURE PROSPECTS 395
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 397
- REFERENCES 397
- 9. CONCLUSION 397
Chapter 18. Chromosome Manipulations in Barley Breeding 403
- 1. INTRODUCTION 403
- 2. CHANGES IN CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE 403
- 3. EUPLOIDS 404
- 4. ANEUPLOIDS 405
- 5. BALANCED TERTIARY TRISOMICS 406
- 6. COMMERCIAL HYBRID BARLEY 409
- 7. HAPLO-VIABLE MUTANTS 414
- REFERENCES 416
Chapter 19. Production and Analysis of Chromosome Duplications in Barley 419
- 1. INTRODUCTION 419
- 2. A METHOD TO PRODUCE DUPLICATIONS 420
- 3. TRANSLOCATIONS AND THEIR USE IN PRODUCTION OF DUPLICATIONS 422
- 4. DUPLICATIONS PRODUCED IN BARLEY 423
- REFERENCES 426
Chapter 20. Interspecific Hybrids within the Genus Hordeum 429
- 1. INTRODUCTION 429
- 2. INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION WITH HORDEUM VULGARE 429
- 3. GENOME RELATIONSHIPS IN HORDEUM 438
- 4. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS 444
- REFERENCES 445
Chapter 21. Intergeneric Hybrids involving the Genus Hordeum 451
- 1. INTRODUCTION 451
- 2. HORDEUM- TRITICUM HYBRIDS 451
- 3. HORDEUM-SECALE HYBRIDS 458
- 4. HORDEUM-EL YMUS HYBRIDS 459
- 5. HYBRIDS BETWEEN HORDEUM CULTIVARS AND SPECIES WITH OTHER GENERA 460
- 6. CONCLUSIONS 461
- REFERENCES 462
Chapter 22. The Chromosomes of Avena 467
- 1. INTRODUCTION 467
- 2. THE SPECIES 467
- 3. CHROMOSOME PAIRING IN INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDS 470
- 4. THE EVOLUTION OF THE POLYPLOID SPECIES 474
- 5. ANEUPLOIDY AND CHROMOSOME MANIPULATION 479
- 6. THE FUTURE 482
- REFERENCES 483
Chapter 23. The Cytogenetic Evolution of Triticeae Grasses 487
- 1. INTRODUCTION 487
- 2. CYTOGENETIC EVOLUTION OF THE TRIBE TRITICEAE 489
- 3. CONCLUSIONS 497
- REFERENCES 498
Chapter 24. Cytogenetics of Zea and Tripsacum 501
- 1. INTRODUCTION 501
- 2. CYTOLOGY OF TRIPSACUM AND ZEA 501
- 3. HYBRIDS BETWEEN TRIPSACUM AND ZEA 503
- 4. CYTOLOGY OF HYBRIDS AND THEIR BACKCROSS DERIVATIVES 504
- 5. GENETIC INTROGRESSION FROM TRIPSACUM TO ZEA 506
- 6. COUNTERFEIT HYBRIDIZATION 507
- REFERENCES 508
Chapter 25. Cytogenetic, Genetic and Plant Breeding Applications of B –Á Translocations in Maize + 511
- 1. INTRODUCTION 511
- 2. B–A TRANSLOCATIONS 513
- 3. HYPOPLOIDS 517
- 4. TERTIARY (B-A) TRISOMIC PLANTS 530
- 5. COMPLEMENTARY (A-B) TERTIARY TRISOMICS 534
- 6. RING CHROMOSOMES 536
- 7. ISOCHROMOSOMES AND TELOCENTRICS 536
- 8. TB - 10L18 , AN UNUSUAL TRANSLOCATION 536
- 9. MAINTENANCE OF B - A TRANSLOCATIONS 537
- 10. POLLEN STUDIES 540
- 11. OTHER STUDIES 541
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 544
- REFERENCES 544
Chapter 26. Chromosome Manipulations in Maize 549
- 1. INTRODUCTION 549
- 2. SUMMARY OF B–A TRANSLOCATIONS 549
- 3. COMPOUND B–A TRANSLOCATIONS 550
- 4.GENETIC MARKERS FOR DOSAGE STUDIES WITH B–A TRANSLOCATIONS 551
- 5. CENTROMERIC OVERLAPS 558
- 6. INTERSTITIAL SEGMENT TRISOMICS 561
- 7. INTERSTITIAL SEGMENTAL TETRASOMICS 564
- 8. STABLE TERMINAL TETRASOMICS 565
- 9. INTERSTITIAL DEFICIENCIES 566
- 10. TRANSPOSED DUPLICATIONS 568
- 11. COMPOUND TB-10L 18 TRANSLOCATIONS 570
- 12. RING CHROMOSOME PRODUCTION 573
- 14. PLOIDY VARIATION 574
- 13. CHROMOSOME BREAKING Ds 574
- REFERENCES 575
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 575
Chapter 27. Molecular Analysis of the Nucleolus Organizer Region in Maize 579
- 1. INTRODUCTION 579
- 2. LOCALIZATION, MULTIPLICITY AND ACTIVITY OF THE MAIZE 17S AND 26S rRNA GENES IN THE MAIZE NOR 580
- 3. STRUCTURE OF THE MAIZE rRNA GENES 583
- 4. TRANSCRIPTION OF THE MAIZE rDNA GENES 587
- 5. THE METHYLATION OF MAIZE RIBOSOMAL GENES 588
- 6. THE CORRELATION OF MAIZE rRNA GENE STRUCTURE, METHYLATION, CYTOLOGY AND GENE ACTIVITY 589
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 592
- REFERENCES 592
Chapter 28. Chromosome Architecture and Aneuploidy in Rice 595
- 1. INTRODUCTION 595
- 2. CHROMOSOME NUMBER AND MORPHOLOGY 595
- 4. ANEUPLOIDY 603
- 3. GENOME ANALYSIS 603
- 5. RECENT TRENDS IN RICE GENETICS 612
- NOTE ADDED IN PROOF 613
- REFERENCES 613
Chapter 29. Pearl Millet Cytogenetics 617
- 1. INTRODUCTION 617
- 2. NOMENCLATURE 617
- 4. POLYPLOIDS 618
- 3. HAPLOIDS 618
- 5. ANEUPLOIDS 620
- 6. CHROMOSOMAL INTERCHANGES 622
- 7. ASSIGNMENT OF LINKAGE GROUPS TO CHROMOSOMES 624
- 8. WIDE HYBRIDIZATION 625
- 9. SOMATIC CELL HYBRIDIZATION AND GENETIC MODIFICATIONS OF CELLS 626
- REFERENCES 626
Chapter 30. Cytogenetics of Minor Millets 631
- 1. INTRODUCTION 631
- 2. FINGER MILLET 631
- 3. FOXTAIL MILLET 636
- 4. PROSO AND SAMA MILLETS 638
- 5. KODO MILLET 640
- 6. BARNYARD MILLET 641
- 7. TEFF 643
- 8. CONCLUSION 643
- REFERENCES 644
Subject Index 647

Genetics, Breeding, Evolution

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