Solid State Physics

Description

Solid State Physics, International Edition covers the fundamentals and the advanced concepts of solid state physics. The book is comprised of 18 chapters that tackle a specific aspect of solid state physics.
Chapters 1 to 3 discuss the symmetry aspects of crystalline solids, while Chapter 4 covers the application of X-rays in solid state science. Chapter 5 deals with the anisotropic character of crystals. Chapters 6 to 8 talk about the five common types of bonding in solids, while Chapters 9 and 10 cover the free electron theory and band theory. Chapters 11 and 12 discuss the effects of movement of atoms, and Chapter 13 talks about the optical properties of crystals. Chapters 14 to 18 cover the other relevant areas of solid state physics, such as ferroelectricity, magnetism, surface science, and artificial structure.
The book will be of great use both to novice and experienced researchers in the field of solid state physics.

Front Cover 2
Solid State Physics 5
Dedication 6
Copyright Page 6
Preface 7
- Subject Matter 8
- Where to Start 9
- Units 9
- Acknowledgements 10
Table of Contents 11
Chapter 1. Symmetry Operations 19
- SYMMETRY OPERATIONS 21
- 1-1 A Symmetry Operation 22
- 1-2 Point Symmetry Operations 23
- 1-3 The Point Groups of a Molecule 27

Front Cover 2
Solid State Physics 5
Dedication 6
Copyright Page 6
Preface 7
- Subject Matter 8
- Where to Start 9
- Units 9
- Acknowledgements 10
Table of Contents 11
Chapter 1. Symmetry Operations 19
- SYMMETRY OPERATIONS 21
- 1-1 A Symmetry Operation 22
- 1-2 Point Symmetry Operations 23
- 1-3 The Point Groups of a Molecule 27
- 1-4 Other Symmetry Operations of Crystals 35
- Problems 38
- Notes 38
Chapter 2. Symmetry Description of Crystals 41
- 2-1 Lattice 43
- 2-2 Primitive Unit Cell 44
- 2-3 The 7 Crystal Systems 44
- 2-4 The 14 Bravais Lattices 47
- 2-5 The 32 Crystallographic Point Groups 53
- 2-6 Space Groups 56
- 2-7 Definitions of Directions, Coordinates, and Planes 61
- Appendix to Chapter 2 64
- Notes 65
- Problems 66
Chapter 3. Simple Crystal Structures 67
- 3-1 Introduction 69
- 3-2 Several Cubic Symmorphic Structures 69
- 3-3 Diamond and Zinc Blende Structures 74
- 3-4 Point Group of a Space Group 76
- 3-5 Examples of Defect Structures 78
- 3-6 Different Points of View of a Structure 79
- 3-7 Close Packing (and the Hexagonal Close-packed Structure) 80
- 3-8 Volume Effects for Simple Structures 83
- 3-9 Wurtzite Structure 84
- 3-10 Site Symmetry 85
- Notes 86
- Problems 87
Chapter 4. X-Ray Diffraction 89
- 4-1 Electron, Neutron, and X-ray Diffraction 91
- 4-2 Bragg's Law 93
- 4- 3 The Laue Formulation 95
- 4-4 Experimental X-ray Diffraction Methods 99
- Notes 101
- Problems 101
Chapter 5. Crystal Symmetry and Physical Properties (S) 103
- 5-1 Introduction 105
- 5-2 Neumann's Principle 106
- 5-3 Tensors 106
- 5-4 Crystal Symmetry and Physical Properties 108
- 5-5 Nonlinear Optics 114
- Notes 116
- Problems 116
Chapter 6. Classification of Solids 119
- 6-1 Summary of Chapters 1 - 3 121
- 6-2 Introduction to Classification of Solids 130
- 6-3 Five Types of Bonds 130
- 6-4 Repulsive Potential Energy 133
- 6-5 Molecular Bond 136
- 6-6 Hydrogen Bond 142
- Notes 145
- Problems 146
Chapter 7. The Ionic Bond 147
- 7-1 Transfer of Electrons 149
- 7-2 Ionic Radii 151
- 7-3 Typical Structures 152
- 7-4 Cohesive Energies of Ionic Crystals 156
- Notes 161
- Problems 162
Chapter 8. The Covalent Bond 165
- 8-1 Introduction 167
- 8-2 Bonding and Antibonding 168
- 8-3 The Hydrogen Molecule 172
- 8 - 5 The Formation of a Crystal 182
- 8-6 "Classical" Semiconductors 186
- 8-7 Continuous Range of Bonding 193
- Appendix 201
- Notes 202
- Problems 203
Chapter 9. Metals 205
- Part A - Drude's Model 209
- 9-1 Drude's Free Electron Theory 209
- 9-2 Drude's Assumptions 213
- 9-3 DC Conductivity 214
- 9-4 Wiedemann-Franz Law 215
- 9-5 Frequency Dependent Conductivity 216
- 9-6 Problems of Drude's Model 219
- Part B - Quantum Mechanics Applied 221
- 9-7 Eigenfunctions of Free Electrons in a Metal 221
- 9-8 Fermi Energy, Density of States, and Fermi Surface 226
- 9-9 Soft X-Rays, Heat Capacities 231
- 9-10 Fermi-Dirac Statistics 233
- 9-11 Low Temperature Expansion using F-D Statistics 234
- 9-12 Thermal Properties of the Electron Gas 235
- 9-13 DC Conductivity (With F-D Statistics) 241
- 9-14 Electron-Electron Collisions 243
- 9-15 Hall Effect (And Other Magnetic Field Effects) 246
- 9-16 Landau Levels 251
- Notes 253
- Problems 254
Chapter 10. Band Theory 259
- Part A - Qualitative Discussion 261
- 10-1 Nearly Free Electrons 261
- 10-2 Classification of Solids 265
- 10-3 Effective Mass 266
- 10-4 Bloch Functions 270
- Part B - Wave Functions and Energy Levels 270
- 10-5 Nearly Free Electrons 275
- 10-6 Brillouin Zones 278
- 10-7 Examples of Brillouin Zones 281
- 10-8 Wigner-Seitz Approximation - the Binding Energy 291
- 10-9 The Tight Binding Approximation 294
- 10-10 Crystal Momentum 298
- 10-11 Holes 299
- Part C - Semiconductors, Real Bands, and Related Concepts 299
- 10-12 Band Preliminaries 307
- 10-13 ε(k) for a Two-Dimensional Square Lattice 311
- 10-14 Body-Centered Cubic Lattice—Sodium 320
- 10-15 Si, Ge, GaAs, and GaP 322
- 10-16 Carrier Concentration at Thermal Equilibrium 331
- 10-17 p-n Junctions 341
- 10-18 Metal-Semiconductor Junctions 352
- 10-19 The Gunn Effect 355
- 10-20 Other Topics 357
- 10-21 Summary 363
- Notes 366
- Problems 367
Chapter 11. Some Thermal Effects in Solids 371
- Part A - Heat Capacity 373
- 11-1 Specific Heat at Constant Volume and Pressure 373
- 11-2 Energy and Cv from Statistical Mechanics 375
- 11-3 Classical Results for Cv 378
- 11-4 Einstein's Model 380
- 11-5 Debye's Calculation of Cv 383
- 11-6 Orientational Disorder in Molecular and Ionic Crystals 389
- Part B-Effects Associated with Disorder 389
- 11-7 Polarization by Orientation 397
- 11-8 Point Imperfections in Crystals 403
- 11-9 Diffusion 407
- 11-10 Color Centers In Ionic Crystals 414
- 11-11 Localized Vibrational Modes 416
- Notes 417
- Problems 419
Chapter 12. Lattice Vibrations 423
- 12-1 Introduction 425
- 12-2 Vibrations of a One-Dimensional Monatomic Chain 426
- 12-3 Vibrations of a One-Dimensional Diatomic Chain 430
- 12-4 Real Crystal Systems 437
- 12-5 Phonons 443
- 12-6 Crystal Momentum 446
- 12-7 Neutron Diffraction from Phonons 448
- 12-8 Thermal Conductivity 451
- Notes 459
- Problems 461
Chapter 13. Optical Properties of Crystals 465
- Part A - Macroscopic Theory 468
- 13-1 Dielectric Polarization 468
- 13-2 Oscillating Fields 470
- 13-3 Electromagnetic Waves in Solids 472
- 13-4 Reflectivity at an Interface 475
- 13-5 Kramers-Kronig Relations 476
- 13-6 Damped Harmonic Oscillator 479
- 13-7 Dielectric Response of a Quantum System 482
- Part B - Lattice Vibrations 483
- 13-8 Introduction 483
- 13-9 Long Wavelength Optical Vibrations 484
- 13-10 Measurements and Results 489
- 13-11 Polaritons 494
- 13-12 A Microscopic Model 498
- 13-13 Clausius-Mossotti (Lorenz-Lorentz) Equations 502
- Part C - Free Carrier Absorption 504
- 13-14 Introduction 504
- 13-15 Oscillator Model 505
- 13-16 Experimental Results 508
- 13-17 Transverse and Longitudinal Free Electron Modes 513
- Part D - Interband Transitions 516
- 13-18 Introduction 516
- 13-19 Fundamental Absorption near εg 518
- 13-20 Excitons (Mostly Weakly Bound Excitons) 527
- 13-21 Fundamental Absorption Above εg 538
- 13-22 Urbach Edge 539
- Notes 542
- Problems 544
Chapter 14. Ferroelectricity and Structural Phase Transitions 547
- 14-1 Introduction 549
- 14-2 The Free Energy 554
- 14-3 Soft Modes 560
- 14-4 Microscopic Model of Soft Modes 568
- 14-5 Renormalization Group 570
- 14-6 Optical Properties of Ferroelectrics 572
- 14-7 Other Related Properties 574
- Notes 577
- Problems 580
Chapter 15. Magnetism 581
- Part A - Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism 583
- 15-1 Introduction 583
- 15-2 Diamagnetism 585
- 15-3 Paramagnetism 587
- 15-4 Introduction 602
- 15-5 Molecular Field Theory 602
- Part B - Ferromagnetism, Antiferromagnetism, and Related Topics 602
- 15-6 The Heisenberg Exchange Interaction 606
- 15-7 Magnetic Structures 608
- 15-8 Some Special Techniques Used to Study Magnetic Structures 614
- 15-9 Spin Waves 622
- 15-10 Anisotropy, Hysteresis, Domains, and Bloch Walls 630
- 15-11 Metals and Magnetism 637
- 15-12 Spin Glasses 643
- Notes 645
- Problems 647
Chapter 16. Superconductivity 649
- 16-1 Introduction (dc Conductivity) 651
- 16-2 The Occurrence of Superconductivity 652
- 16-3 Effects That Destroy Superconductivity 653
- 16-4 Magnetic Properties 655
- 16-5 The BCS Theory 660
- 16-6 BCS Predictions 666
- 16-7 BCS Related Measurements 671
- 16-8 The Josephson Effect 677
- Notes 684
- Problems 686
Chapter 17. Surface Science 689
- 17-1 Introduction—The Need for UHV 692
- 17-2 Crystal Shape 693
- 17-3 Preparation of Clean Surfaces and LEED 695
- 17-4 Structure of Surfaces 697
- 17-5 Interaction of Gases with Surfaces 704
- 17-6 Surface Related Techniques 710
- 17-7 Electronic Surface Structure 720
- Notes 728
- Appendix to Chapter 17 730
- Problems 730
Chapter 18. Artificial Structures 731
- 18-1 Introduction 734
- Part A - Semiconductors 734
- 1 8 - 2 A Particle in a 1 - D Rectangular Well 735
- 18-3 3-D Motion with a 1-D Rectangular Well 737
- 18-4 Experimental Aspects 742
- 18-5 Semiconductor Superlattices 744
- 18-6 Inversion Layers 755
- Part B - Metals 765
- 18-7 Introduction 765
- 18-8 Sample Preparation 766
- 18-9 Properties of Layered Metal Structures 767
- 18-10 Other Artificial Structures 770
- Notes 771
- Problems 773
HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 775
- A-1 Introduction 775
- A-2 Structures 777
- A-3 Normal-State Properties 784
- A-4 Superconducting Properties 790
- A-5 Applications Considerations 801
- A-6 Conclusions 808
- Notes 808
APPENDIX - UNITS 810
BIBLIOGRAPHY 814
INDEX 818

Author's affiliation

Gerald Burns: IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktow

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