International Conference on Infrared Physics (CIRP)

Description

International Conference on Infrared Physics (CIRP) is a collection of papers from the proceedings of a conference held in Zurich on August 11-15, 1975.
The book reviews the study of thermal radiation with emphasis on the spectral energy density of small blackbody cavities. The text also deals with the concept of density of states of quantum-size effects in statistical mechanics of finite non-interacting systems. One paper discusses the interaction of radiation with matter, while another presentation reviews the theory of cavity radiation based on multiple reflections within the cavity. The book then presents developments in infrared detectors, particularly the performance of photon and thermal detectors in the heterodyne mode. One paper examines the materials that can be used for making filters in the far infrared region using a Michelson interferometer to determine the region of spectra and a germanium bolometer as the detector. The book then cites an example where a high resolution Michelson interferometer is used on a NASA C141 infrared airborne telescope where scientists study the far infrared emission lines from the HII regions.
The collection will prove useful to nuclear physicists and scientists, academicians, and researchers whose works are concerned with infrared physics and engineering.

Front Cover 2
International Conference on Infrared Physics (CIRP) 3
Copyright Page 4
Proceedings of the International Conference on Infrared Physics (CIRP)Zurich, 11-15 August 1975 5
CHAPTER 1. PLANCK'S RADIATION LAW FOR FINITE CAVITIES AND RELATED PROBLEMS 7
- 2. THE VALIDITY OF PLANCK'S LAW 7
- 1. INTRODUCTION 7
- 3. WEYL'S PROBLEM AND THE STATISTICAL PHYSICS OF FINITE SYSTEMS 8
- 4. QUASI-CONTINUUM AND QUANTUM-SIZE REGIMES 9
- 5. THE BLACKBODY: SMOOTHED EXPANSIONS FOR THEMODE NUMBER 10
- 6. THE STEFAN-BOLTZMANN LAW FOR THE CUBE-SHAPED CAVITY 12
- 7. VIBRATIONAL SPECIFIC HEAT IN GRAINS 12
- REFERENCES 13
CHAPTER 2. INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH MATTER 15
- 1. THE SEMI CLASSICAL APPROXIMATION (SCA) 15

Front Cover 2
International Conference on Infrared Physics (CIRP) 3
Copyright Page 4
Proceedings of the International Conference on Infrared Physics (CIRP)Zurich, 11-15 August 1975 5
CHAPTER 1. PLANCK'S RADIATION LAW FOR FINITE CAVITIES AND RELATED PROBLEMS 7
- 2. THE VALIDITY OF PLANCK'S LAW 7
- 1. INTRODUCTION 7
- 3. WEYL'S PROBLEM AND THE STATISTICAL PHYSICS OF FINITE SYSTEMS 8
- 4. QUASI-CONTINUUM AND QUANTUM-SIZE REGIMES 9
- 5. THE BLACKBODY: SMOOTHED EXPANSIONS FOR THEMODE NUMBER 10
- 6. THE STEFAN-BOLTZMANN LAW FOR THE CUBE-SHAPED CAVITY 12
- 7. VIBRATIONAL SPECIFIC HEAT IN GRAINS 12
- REFERENCES 13
CHAPTER 2. INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH MATTER 15
- 1. THE SEMI CLASSICAL APPROXIMATION (SCA) 15
- 2. GENERAL EQUATION OF MOTION FOR THE REDUCED DENSITY MATRIX 15
- 4. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION 16
- 3. APPLICATIONS: TIME EVOLUTION OF MATERIAL OBSERVABLES AND VALIDITY OF THE SCA 16
- REFERENCES 17
CHAPTER 3. CAVITY RADIATION THEORY 19
- INTRODUCTION 19
- PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS 19
- TEMPERATURE CONSIDERATIONS 21
- WAVELENGTH CONSIDERATIONS 23
- PROJECTED SOLID ANGLE CONSIDERATIONS AND EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION 24
- REFERENCES 28
- APPEND IX: A 28
CHAPTER 4. OSCILLATORY SPECTRAL DENSITY AND PARTIAL COHERENCE OF BLACKBODY RADIATION INCUBOIDAL CAVITIES 31
- INTRODUCTION 31
- 2. PREVIOUS RESULTS 31
- 3. THE CUBE-SHAPED CAVITY 32
- 4. THE CUBOID 32
- REFERENCES 33
CHAPTER 5. INFRARED DETECTORS 35
- INTRODUCTION 35
- 3. PHOTON DETECTORS 36
- 2. TYPES OF INFRARED DETECTOR 36
- 4. PYROELECTRIC DETECTORS 40
- 5. HETERODYNE DETECTORS 41
- REFERENCES 42
CHAPTER 6. THIN FILM INFRARED DETECTOR ARRAYS FOR INTEGRATED ELECTRONIC STRUCTURES 43
- INTRODUCTION 43
- EXPERIMENTAL 43
- STRUCTURAL AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES 44
- INFRARED PROPERTIES 46
- CONCLUSIONS 50
- REFERENCES 51
CHAPTER 7. 3-5μm SINGLE CRYSTAL PbTe AND PbxSn1-x Te DETECTORS 53
- MATERIALS PREPARATION 53
- INTRODUCTION 53
- DETECTOR FABRICATION AND CHARACTERISATION 54
- REFERENCES 56
- CONCLUSIONS 56
CHAPTER 8. A QUANTITATIVE HETERODYNE EXPERIMENT WITH EXTRINSIC SILICON AT 10-6 μm 57
- REFERENCES 60
CHAPTER 9. UPCONVERSION SPECTROMETRY FOR ASTROPHYSICAL APPLICATIONS 61
- REFERENCES 65
CHAPTER 10. SENSITIVITY OF AN ASTRONOMICAL INFRARED HETERODYNE SPECTROMETER 67
- REFERENCES 70
CHAPTER 11. INFRARED CHARGE COUPLED DEVICES 71
- I. INTRODUCTION 71
- II. CCD STRUCTURE AND OPERATION 71
- III. MONOLITHIC IRCCD's 74
- IV. HYBRID IRCCD's 76
- REFERENCES 78
CHAPTER 12. THERMAL SPREAD IN A PYROELECTRIC VIDICON WITH A PRESSED CONTACT TARGET INTERFACE 81
- 1. INTRODUCTION 81
- 2. THEORY 81
- 3. CALCULATIONS FOR TGS/GERMANIUM 83
- REFERENCES 85
- 4. CONCLUSION 85
CHAPTER 13. INFRARED TV: AN INEXPENSIVE PORTABLE PYROELECTRIC CAMERA 87
- OPERATION 87
- INTRODUCTION 87
- HAND HELD PYROELECTRIC CAMERA 88
- APPLICATIONS 89
- REFERENCES 91
CHAPTER 14. THE INTERACTION OF 10-6 /μm LASER RADIATION WITH LIQUIDS 93
- INTRODUCTION 93
- EXPERIMENTS 93
- RESULTS 94
- DISCUSSION 97
- REFERENCES 98
CHAPTER 15. THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE TEA– C02-LASER GAS 99
- REFERENCES 100
CHAPTER 16. ACTIVE IMAGING WITH A TEA–C02-LASER 101
- BACKGROUND 101
- REFLECTANCE MEASUREMENTS 101
- TARGET CROSS-SECTION 102
- ACTIVE IMAGING 103
- SCINTILLATION 107
- CONCLUSION 108
CHAPTER 17. NANOSECOND PULSES FROM A HYDROGEN FLUORIDE LASER 109
- REFERENCES 113
CHAPTER 18. OPTIMIZATION OF A TUNABLE FAR- INFRARED InSb SOURCE 115
- I. INTRODUCTION 115
- II. EXPERIMENTAL 115
- III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 116
- IV. OPTIMIZATION AND APPLICATION 118
- REFERENCES 120
CHAPTER 19. TUNABLE INFRARED GENERATION BY STIMULATED RAMAN SCATTERING 123
- REFERENCES 126
CHAPTER 20. THE STANDARD RANGE OF THERMAL SENSORS 127
- REFERENCES 130
CHAPTER 21. HIGH RESOLUTION INFRARED SOLAR OBSERVATIONS BY BALLOON 131
- REFERENCES 133
CHAPTER 22. INFRARED SPECTRAL RADIANCE OF THE SKY 135
- 2. THE ATMOSPHERIC MODELS AND THE CALCULATION OF SKY SPECTRAL RADIANCE 135
- 1. INTRODUCTION 135
- 3. COMPARISON WITH EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 138
- REFERENCES 140
CHAPTER 23. INFRARED PLASMA DIAGNOSTICS WITH LASERS 141
- 2. PLASMA REFRACTIVE INDEX 141
- 1. INTRODUCTION 141
- 3. SCATTERING OF RADIATION 144
- REFERENCES 148
- 4. CONCLUSION 148
CHAPTER 24. INFRARED OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SPUTTERED In2_ Snx 03–y FILMS 151
- REFERENCES 153
CHAPTER 25. THE DETERMINATION OF THE ELECTRON SPIN RELAXATION TIME IN InSb IN HIGH MAGNETIC FIELDS 155
- 1. INTRODUCTION 155
- 2. EXPERIMENTAL 156
- 3. RESULTS 156
- 4. DISCUSSION OF EXPERIMENTS 158
- 5. THEORY 159
- REFERENCES 161
- 6. SUMMARY 161
CHAPTER 26. A METHOD FOR MEASURING INFRARED EMISSIVITIES OF NEAR-BLACK SURFACES AT AMBIENT TEMPERATURES 163
- THEORY 163
- 1. INTRODUCTION 163
- METHOD 165
- RESULTS 166
- MEASUREMENTS 166
- CONCLUSION 168
- ACCURACY 168
- REFERENCES 169
CHAPTER 27. NONRECIPROCAL ACOUSTO–OPTIC INTERACTIONS AND THEIR APPLICATION TO FEEDBACK ISOLATION IN THE INFRARED REGION 171
- INTRODUCTION 171
- THE ACOUSTO-OPTIC ISOLATOR CONCEPT 171
- THEORY 172
- EFFECT OF FEEDBACK 173
- EXPERIMENTS 174
- REFERENCES 175
CHAPTER 28. HIGH POWER OPTICALLY PUMPED FAR INFRARED LASERS 177
- REFERENCES 180
CHAPTER 29. BASIC PHYSICAL MECHANISMS DETERMINING PERFORMANCE OF THE CH3F LASER 181
- INTRODUCTION 181
- ABSORPTION MEASUREMENTS 181
- RATE EQUATION MODEL 184
- GAIN AND OUTPUT POWER ESTIMATE 186
- LASER EXPERIMENTS 187
- REFERENCES 188
CHAPTER 30. THREE-LEVEL MODEL FOR A PULSE-OPERATED OPTICALLY PUMPED FAR-INFRARED MOLECULAR LASER 189
- REFERENCES 193
CHAPTER 31. GAIN MEASUREMENTS IN OPTICALLY PUMPED,FAR-INFRARED LASER MEDIA 195
- REFERENCES 197
CHAPTER 32. SPECTRAL COMPOSITION OF FAR-INFRARED LASER RADIATION OPTICA LLY EXCITEDIN METHYL FLUORIDE 199
- REFERENCES 201
CHAPTER 33. THE FAR INFRARED HELIUM LASER 203
- III. LASER OUTPUT 203
- I. INTRODUCTION 203
- II. EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS 203
- IV. LASER OPERATION 204
- V. PLASMA EFFECTS 205
- VI. CONCLUSIONS 206
- REFERENCES 206
CHAPTER 34. MODE PROPERTIES OF OPTICALLY PUMPED INFRARED WAVEGUIDE LASERS 207
- REFERENCES 211
CHAPTER 35. MAGNETO-SPECTROSCOPY OF PHOTO-EXCITED STATES IN SEMICONDUCTORS USINGFAR-INFRARED LASERS 213
- 1. INTRODUCTION 213
- 2. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD 213
- 3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 214
- REFERENCES 218
CHAPTER 36. WIDE-BAND DETECTION WITH HIGH IMPEDANCE JOSEPHSON JUNCTIONS 219
- 1. INTRODUCTION 219
- 2. THEORY 219
- 3. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD 222
- 4. MEASUREMENTS 226
- REFERENCES 229
CHAPTER 37. A MICROWAVE BIASED GaAs SUBMILLIMETER DETECTION SYSTEM 231
- INTRODUCTION 231
- SQUARE-LAW RECEIVER 232
- MICROWAVE BIASED DETECTION 232
- HOMODYNE RECEIVER 234
- HETERODYNE RECEIVER 235
- D.C. BIASED DETECTION 236
- BANDWIDTH LIMITATION 237
- REFERENCES 238
- CONCLUSIONS 238
CHAPTER 38. HETERODYNE DETECTION AT 337 μm INEPITAXIAL GaAs 239
- REFERENCES 241
CHAPTER 39. APPLICATION OF EVAPOROGRAPHY TO IMAGING OF FAR-INFRARED RADIATION PATTERNS 243
- 2. DESCRIPTION OF THE EVAPOROGRAPH 243
- 1. INTRODUCTION 243
- 3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 245
- 4. COMPARISON OF EVAPOROGRAPHY WITH LIQUID CRYSTAL AND PYROELECTRIC IMAGE CONVERSION 247
- REFERENCES 248
CHAPTER 40. FAR-INFRARED AND SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 249
- I. INTRODUCTION 249
- II. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE 250
- III. ELECTRODYNAMICS 251
- IV. SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 253
- REFERENCES 256
CHAPTER 41. MATERIALS SUITABLE FOR MAKING FILTERS BEYOND 300μm 259
- INTRODUCTION 259
- INSTRUMENTATION 259
- CONCLUSION 261
- REFERENCES 261
CHAPTER 42. THE DETERMINATION OF COMPLEX REFRACTIVE INDEX SPECTRA OF LIQUIDS IN THEFAR-INFRARED SPECTRAL REGION 5– 500cm-1 WITH 263
- 1. INTRODUCTION 263
- 2. MEASURING AND EVALUATION METHODS 264
- 4. THE INTERFEROMETER 266
- 3. THE VARIABLE THICKNESS, VARIABLE TEMPERATURE CELL 266
- 5. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 267
- 6. DISCUSSION 268
- REFERENCES 268
CHAPTER 43. AUTOMATED FAR-INFRARED FOURIER INTERFEROMETER FOR AMPLITUDE-PHASE SPECTROSCOPY A T LOW TEMPERATURES 269
- 1. INTRODUCTION 269
- 2. INTERFEROMETER OPTICS/MECHANICS 269
- 3. INTERFEROMETER ELECTRONICS 270
- 4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 272
- REFERENCES 273
CHAPTER 44. AN INFRARED LATERAL SHEARING INTERFEROMETER FOR PLASMA DIAGNOSTICAND INFRARED OPTICAL COMPONENTS TESTING 275
- REFERENCES 277
CHAPTER 45. A SCANNING FABRY-PEROT INTERFEROMETER FOR THE 50– 1000μm RANGE 279
- I. OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SINGLE GRIDS 279
- II. FABRY-PEROT INTERFEROMETER: GENERAL OPTICAL CHARACTERISTICS 280
- III. FIXED SEPARATION FABRY-PEROT INTERFEROMETERS 281
- IV. VARIABLE SEPARATION FABRY-PEROT INTERFEROMETER 282
- REFERENCES 284
CHAPTER 46. COMPARISON MEASUREMENTS OF VERY SIMILAR SPECTRA IN FOURIER TRANSFORM SPECTROSCOPY 285
- INTRODUCTION 285
- OPTICAL DIFFERENCE MEASUREMENT 285
- EVALUATION OF INTERFEROGRAMS WITH SUPPRESSED WHITE LIGHT PEAK 288
- SUMMARY 290
CHAPTER 47. FOURIER TRANSFORM SPECTROSCOPY OF LANDAU RADIATION IN n-InSb 291
- 1. INTRODUCTION 291
- 2. EXPERIMENTAL 291
- 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 292
- 4. CONCLUSIONS 296
- REFERENCES 297
CHAPTER 48. DISPERSIVE REFLECTION SPECTROSCOPY IN THE FAR-INFRARED 299
- INTRODUCTION 299
- EXPERIMENTAL 299
- REFERENCES 303
CHAPTER 49. DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE OF A NEW DOUBLE-BEAM FAST FOURIER TRANSFORM INTERFEROMETER 305
CHAPTER 50. NEW TECHNIQUES FOR DISPERSIVE FOURIERTRANS FORM SPECTROMETRY OF LIQUIDS 307
- 1. INTRODUCTION 307
- 2. MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 308
- 3. APPARATUS 311
- 4. DISCUSSION 314
- REFERENCES 316
CHAPTER 51. DISPERSIVE FOURIER TRANSFORM MEASUREMENTS ON OPAQUE SOLIDSFROM 5 TO 350 cm– 1 317
- EXPERIMENTAL 317
- INTRODUCTION 317
- RESULTS 318
- REFERENCES 321
- CONCLUSIONS 321
CHAPTER 52. A HELIUM COOLED FABRY–PEROT INTERFEROMETER FOR INFRARED ASTRONOMICAL SPECTROSCOPY 323
- 2. BACKGROUND RADIATION AND CHOICE OF SPECTROMETER 323
- 1. INTRODUCTION 323
- 3. THE INSTRUMENT 324
- REFERENCES 329
CHAPTER 53. AN OPEN RESONATOR TECHNIQUE FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC PROPAGATION CHARACTERISTICS AT SUBMILLIMETRE WAVELENG 331
- EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE 331
- REFRACTIVE INDEX MEASUREMENTS 331
- INTRODUCTION 331
- ATTENUATION MEASUREMENTS 332
- CONCLUSION 333
- REFERENCES 333
CHAPTER 54. ATMOSPHERIC SPECTROSCOPY AT VERY HIGH RESOLUTION IN THE MIDDLE INFRARED WITHA RAPID-SCAN MICHELSON INTERFEROMETER 335

Proceedings of a Conference Held in Zurich, 11–15 August 1975

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