Exergetic, Energetic and Environmental Dimensions

Description

This edited book looks at recent studies on interdisciplinary research related to exergy, energy, and the environment. This topic is of prime significance – there is a strong need for practical solutions through better design, analysis and assessment in order to achieve better efficiency, environment and sustainability.

Exergetic, Energetic and Environmental Dimensions covers a number of topics ranging from thermodynamic optimization of energy systems, to the environmental impact assessment and clean energy, offering readers a comprehensive reference on analysis, modeling, development, experimental investigation, and improvement of many micro to macro systems and applications, ranging from basic to advanced categories.

Its comprehensive content includes:

Comprehensive coverage of development of systems considering exergy, energy, and environmental issues, along with the most up-to-date information in the area, plus recent developments
New developments in the area of exergy, including recent debate involving the shaping of future directions and priorities for better environment, sustainable development and energy security
Provides a number of illustrative examples, practical applications, and case studies

Introduces recently developed technological and strategic solutions and engineering applications for professionals in the area
Provides numerous engineering examples and applications on exergy
Offers a variety of problems that foster critical thinking and skill development

Front Cover 2
Exergetic, Energetic and Environmental Dimensions 3
Exergetic, Energetic and Environmental Dimensions 5
Copyright 6
Contents 7
List of Contributors 15
Preface 23
1 - ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY 25
- 1.1 - POTENTIAL ENERGY SOLUTIONS FOR BETTER SUSTAINABILITY 27
  - 1. INTRODUCTION 27
  - 2. CRITICAL CHALLENGES 28
  - 3. POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS 31
  - 4. HYDROGEN ENERGY 33
  - 5. RENEWABLE ENERGY 36
  - 6. CLEAN ENERGY RESEARCH LABORATORY AS A WORLD-LEADING CENTER 39

Front Cover 2
Exergetic, Energetic and Environmental Dimensions 3
Exergetic, Energetic and Environmental Dimensions 5
Copyright 6
Contents 7
List of Contributors 15
Preface 23
1 - ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY 25
- 1.1 - POTENTIAL ENERGY SOLUTIONS FOR BETTER SUSTAINABILITY 27
  - 1. INTRODUCTION 27
  - 2. CRITICAL CHALLENGES 28
  - 3. POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS 31
  - 4. HYDROGEN ENERGY 33
  - 5. RENEWABLE ENERGY 36
  - 6. CLEAN ENERGY RESEARCH LABORATORY AS A WORLD-LEADING CENTER 39
  - 7. THERMOCHEMICAL AND HYBRID HYDROGEN PRODUCTION CYCLES 42
  - 8. PHOTONIC HYDROGEN PRODUCTION 44
  - 9. AMMONIA 45
  - 10. SYSTEM INTEGRATION AND MULTIGENERATION 47
  - 11. COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENTS 50
    - 11.1 RENEWABLES 50
    - 11.2 HYDROGEN 51
    - 11.3 AMMONIA 53
  - 12. CONCLUSIONS 55
  - REFERENCES 56
  - ABBREVIATIONS 56
- 1.2 - NET ZERO ENERGY RESIDENTIAL BUILDING ARCHITECTURE IN THE FUTURE 63
  - 1. INTRODUCTION 63
  - 2. SOLAR DECATHLON 64
  - 3. METHODS 66
  - 4. ENERGY BALANCE SUBCONTEST 67
    - 4.1 ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS 67
    - 4.2 PASSIVE STRATEGIES 69
    - 4.3 ACTIVE STRATEGIES 71
    - 4.4 ENERGY PRODUCTION 72
    - 4.5 OTHER STRATEGIES 74
  - 5. CONCLUSIONS 75
  - REFERENCES 76
- 1.3 - ACHIEVING GREEN BUILDING STANDARDS VIA ENERGY EFFICIENCY RETROFIT: A CASE STUDY OF AN INDUSTRIAL FACILITY 79
  - 1. INTRODUCTION 79
  - 2. GREEN BUILDINGS 80
    - 2.1 GREEN BUILDING REQUIREMENTS 81
      - 2.1.1 Water Efficiency 81
      - 2.1.2 Energy Efficiency 82
      - 2.1.3 Indoor Environmental Quality 83
      - 2.1.4 Materials and Resources 84
      - 2.1.5 Green Energy Audit of Buildings 84
    - 3. CASE STUDY 85
      - 3.2 THERMOGRAPHIC INSPECTION 86
      - 3.3 LIGHTING AUDIT 86
      - 3.1 CLIMATE CONDITIONS 86
      - 3.5 COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS 87
      - 3.4 PROPOSING RETROFIT ACTIONS 87
    - 4. CONCLUSIONS 91
    - ABBREVIATIONS 91
    - REFERENCES 92
  - 1.4 - A NEW APPROACH FOR A CONTROL SYSTEM OF AN INNOVATIVE BUILDING-INTEGRATED PHOTOBIOREACTOR 95
    - 1. INTRODUCTION 95
    - 2. BUILDING-INTEGRATED PHOTOBIOREACTORS 96
      - 2.1 THERMAL COMFORT 96
      - 2.2 VISUAL COMFORT 97
      - 2.3 RENEWABLE ENERGY PRODUCTION 97
      - 2.4 CARBON SEQUESTRATION POTENTIAL 97
    - 3. LIMITING FACTORS FOR ALGAE CULTIVATION 98
      - 3.1 LIGHT PROFILE 98
      - 3.2 AMOUNT OF GASES 100
      - 3.3 MIXING 100
      - 3.4 TEMPERATURE 100
      - 3.5 PH 101
      - 3.6 SALINITY 101
    - 4. CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN 101
    - 5. RESULTS 104
    - NOMENCLATURE 107
    - REFERENCES 107
    - 6. CONCLUSIONS 107
  - 1.5 - MULTICRITERIA SELECTION FACTORS FOR EVALUATION OF INTELLIGENT BUILDINGS—A NOVEL APPROACH FOR ENERGY MANAGEMENT 111
    - 1. INTRODUCTION 111
    - 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 112
      - 2.1 ENERGY CONSUMPTION 112
      - 2.2 INTELLIGENT BUILDINGS 116
    - 3. METHODOLOGY 119
      - 3.1 PHASE I: IDENTIFY THE DECISION CRITERIA 119
      - 3.2 PHASE II: ASSESSING THE ACCURACY OF THE FINDINGS OF THE PREVIOUS STEP THROUGH QUESTIONING THE EXPERTS 119
      - 3.3 PHASE III: CREATE THE MODEL 121
    - 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 125
    - 5. CONCLUSIONS 125
    - REFERENCES 125
  - 1.6 - THE PLACE OF COAL PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION IN TURKEY'S ECONOMY 127
    - 2. COAL TYPES AND PROPERTIES 127
    - 1. INTRODUCTION 127
    - 3. COAL RESERVES AND PRODUCTION IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY 128
    - 4. OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS IN COAL MINING 132
    - 5. COAL PROFIT-LOSS ANALYSIS 134
    - REFERENCES 136
    - 6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 136
    - 7. CONCLUSIONS 136
  - 1.7 - LONG-TERM ENERGY DEMAND AND SUPPLY PROJECTIONS AND EVALUATIONS FOR TURKEY 139
    - 1. INTRODUCTION 139
    - 2. ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN TURKEY 141
      - 2.1 THE STRUCTURE OF THE ENERGY SECTOR IN TURKEY 141
      - 2.2 THE STRUCTURE OF THE ELECTRICITY SECTOR IN TURKEY 142
    - 3. METHODOLOGY 144
    - 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 145
      - 4.1 ENERGY DEMAND SCENARIOS 145
        
        4.1.1 Business-as-Usual Scenario 145
        
        4.1.2 Mitigation Scenario 148
      - 4.2 ELECTRICITY GENERATION SCENARIOS 150
        
        4.2.2 Nuclear Scenario 150
        
        4.2.1 Hydro Scenario 150
        
        4.2.3 Geo and Wind Scenario 152
        
        4.2.4 Total Scenario 152
      - 5. CONCLUSIONS 154
      - NOMENCLATURE 154
      - REFERENCES 155
    - 1.8 - COMPARISON OF ANN, REGRESSION ANALYSIS, AND ANFIS MODELS IN ESTIMATION OF GLOBAL SOLAR RADIATION FOR DIFFEREN ... 157
      - 1. INTRODUCTION 157
      - 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 159
        
        2.1 ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK 162
        
        2.2 REGRESSION ANALYSIS 162
        
        2.3 ADAPTIVE NETWORK-BASED FUZZY INFERENCE SYSTEM 164
      - 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 164
      - 4. CONCLUSIONS 170
      - NOMENCLATURE 170
      - REFERENCES 171
    - 1.9 - PRODUCTION PLANNING USING DAY-AHEAD PRICES IN A CEMENT PLANT 173
      - 1. INTRODUCTION 173
      - 2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 173
        
        2.1 CEMENT INDUSTRY 174
        
        2.2 THE CEMENT SECTOR 175
        
        2.3 DAY-AHEAD MARKET 176
        
        2.4 LINEAR PROGRAMMING AND MIXED INTEGER PROGRAMMING 177
        
        2.5 THE PROPOSED METHODOLOGY 182
        
        2.6 THE MIXED INTEGER PROGRAMMING MODEL 183
      - 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 185
      - 4. CONCLUSIONS 188
      - NOMENCLATURE 189
      - REFERENCES 189
    - 1.10 - THE IMPORTANCE OF SHIPS IN THE NEXT-GENERATION ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS 191
      - 1. INTRODUCTION 191
      - 2. SYSTEMS DESCRIPTION 193
      - 3. CASE STUDY 194
      - 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 197
      - 5. CONCLUSION 199
      - NOMENCLATURE 200
      - REFERENCES 201
    - 1.11 - VENTILATION STRATEGIES FOR THE PREVENTIVE CONSERVATION OF MANUSCRIPTS IN THE NECIP PAŞA LIBRARY, İZMIR, TURKEY 203
      - 1. INTRODUCTION 203
      - 2. NECIP PAŞA LIBRARY 204
      - 3. DESCRIPTION OF METHOD 206
        
        3.1 MEASUREMENTS 206
        
        3.2 BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE MODELING AND CALIBRATION 207
        
        3.3 ASSESSMENT OF CHEMICAL DEGRADATION RISK 208
      - 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 209
        
        4.1 RESULTS OF MEASUREMENTS 209
        
        4.2 RESULTS OF MODEL CALIBRATION 211
        
        4.3 CONFIGURATION OF SIMULATION CASES 211
        
        4.3.1 Case 1: Mechanical Ventilation 211
        
        4.3.2 Case 2: Natural Ventilation 211
        
        4.4 DISCUSSION 211
      - 5. CONCLUSIONS 214
      - REFERENCES 215
      - NOMENCLATURE 215
    - 1.12 - EFFECT OF DOUBLE-SKIN FAÇADE ON THERMAL ENERGY LOSSES IN BUILDINGS: A CASE STUDY IN TABRIZ 217
      - 1. INTRODUCTION 217
      - 2. DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEMS 220
        
        2.1 MATHEMATICAL MODELING 220
        
        2.3 COMPUTER SIMULATION 225
        
        2.2 VALIDATION 225
      - 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 227
      - 4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 230
      - NOMENCLATURE 231
      - REFERENCES 232
    - 2 - ENERGY SYSTEMS AND ANALYSES 235
      - 2.1 - ENERGY AND EXERGY ANALYSES OF A GEOTHERMAL-BASED INTEGRATED SYSTEM FOR TRIGENERATION 237
        
        1. INTRODUCTION 237
        
        2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 239
        
        3. THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS 241
        
        4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 247
        
        4.1 EFFECT OF DISTRICT COOLING ON SYSTEM EFFICIENCIES 249
        
        4.3 EFFECT OF TURBINE ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCIES ON OVERALL SYSTEM PERFORMANCE 250
        
        4.4 EFFECT OF GEOTHERMAL FLUID TEMPERATURE ON SYSTEM EFFICIENCIES 250
        
        4.2 EFFECT OF DISTRICT HEATING ON SYSTEM EFFICIENCIES 250
        
        4.5 EFFECT OF AMBIENT TEMPERATURE ON SYSTEM EFFICIENCIES 252
        
        5. CONCLUSIONS 252
        
        NOMENCLATURE 253
        
        REFERENCES 254
      - 2.2 - COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THREE INTEGRATED TRIGENERATION SYSTEMS FOR DAIRY FARMS 257
        
        1. INTRODUCTION 257
        
        2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 258
        
        2.1 BACKGROUND DETAILS 259
        
        2.3 SPECIFIC SYSTEM DETAILS 260
        
        2.2 SYSTEM ENERGY DETAILS 260
        
        3. THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS 264
        
        4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 266
        
        5. CONCLUSIONS 273
        
        NOMENCLATURE 274
        
        REFERENCES 275
      - 2.3 - PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF A BIOMASS-FIRED REGENERATIVE ORC SYSTEM THROUGH ENERGY AND EXERGY ANALYSES 277
        
        1. INTRODUCTION 277
        
        1.1 ENERGY RESOURCES OF THE ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE 279
        
        1.1.2 Solar Applications 279
        
        1.1.1 Geothermal Applications 279
        
        1.1.3 Waste Heat Applications 280
        
        1.1.4 Biomass Applications 280
        
        2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 281
        
        3. MATHEMATICAL MODEL 282
        
        3.1 ENERGY ANALYSIS 282
        
        3.2 EXERGY ANALYSIS 283
        
        3.3 PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT PARAMETERS 285
        
        4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 286
        
        4.1 VALIDATION 286
        
        4.2 PARAMETRIC STUDIES 286
        
        4.2.1 Variation of Turbine Inlet Temperature 288
        
        4.2.2 Variations in Excess Air Ratio 290
        
        4.2.3 Variations in Mass Flow Rate of Dry Biomass 293
        
        4.2.4 Variations in Biomass Fuels 297
        
        5. CONCLUSIONS 298
        
        REFERENCES 299
        
        2.4 - THERMAL DESIGN AND MODELING OF SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGERS COMBINING PTSC AND ORC SYSTEMS 303
        
        1. INTRODUCTION 303
        
        2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 307
        
        3. MATHEMATICAL MODELING 308
        
        3.1 MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF PARABOLIC TROUGH SOLAR COLLECTOR 308
        
        3.2 MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGERS 309
        
        3.3 EXERGETIC ASSESSMENT OF THE HEAT EXCHANGER 311
        
        4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 312
        
        4.1 RESULTS FOR THE SEGMENTAL BAFFLE CONFIGURATION 312
        
        4.1.1 Effect of Outer Diameter of the Tube on the Performance of the System 312
        
        4.1.2 Effect of Baffle Spacing on the Performance of the System 313
        
        4.2 RESULTS FOR HELICAL BAFFLE CONFIGURATIONS 314
        
        4.2.1 Effects of Tube Diameter on the Performance of the System 314
        
        4.2.2 Effect of Tube Length on the Performance of the System 316
        
        4.2.3 Effect of the Shell-Side Mass Flow Rate on the Performance of the System 319
        
        4.2.4 Effect of Solar Radiation on the Performance of the System 320
        
        4.2.5 Results for the Exergetic Performance Assessment 323
        
        5. CONCLUSIONS 325
        
        NOMENCLATURE 326
        
        REFERENCES 328
        
        2.5 - CFD ANALYSIS OF A SOLAR-GEOTHERMAL SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER 331
        
        1. INTRODUCTION 331
        
        2. MODELING 333
        
        2.1 MODEL DOMAIN AND INPUT PARAMETERS 333
        
        2.2 MODEL ASSUMPTIONS AND GOVERNING EQUATIONS 334
        
        2.3 EXERGETIC AND HEAT EXCHANGER EFFECTIVENESS CALCULATIONS 336
        
        2.4 INLET AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS 337
        
        2.5 MESH GENERATION AND SOLUTION PROCEDURE 338
        
        3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 339
        
        3.1 THE EFFECT OF THE SHELL-SIDE MASS FLOW RATE ON THE STHX'S VELOCITY AND TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTIONS 339
        
        3.2 THE RATE OF HEAT TRANSFER, EXERGETIC EFFICIENCY, AND HEAT EXCHANGER EFFECTIVENESS FOR DIFFERENT SHELL-SIDE MASS FLOW RATES 341
        
        4. CONCLUSIONS 343
        
        NOMENCLATURE 343
        
        REFERENCES 344
        
        2.6 - NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF FIXED-BED DOWNDRAFT WOODY BIOMASS GASIFICATION 347
        
        1. INTRODUCTION 347
        
        1.1 THE STOICHIOMETRIC EQUILIBRIUM MODEL 350
        
        1.2 NONSTOICHIOMETRIC EQUILIBRIUM MODEL 352
        
        2. WOOD PELLET EXPERIMENTS 352
        
        3. NUMERICAL PROCEDURE 354
        
        4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 356
        
        NOMENCLATURE 361
        
        5. CONCLUSIONS 361
        
        REFERENCES 362
        
        2.7 - PASSIVE THERMAL MANAGEMENT OF A PHOTOVOLTAIC PANEL: INFLUENCE OF FIN ARRANGEMENTS 365
        
        1. INTRODUCTION 365
        
        2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 366
        
        3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 368
        
        3.1 VALIDATION 368
        
        3.2 PARAMETRIC RESULTS 369
        
        4. CONCLUSIONS 375
        
        NOMENCLATURE 375
        
        REFERENCES 375
        
        2.8 - THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF A SOLAR ROOM HEATER WITH EVACUATED TUBES 377
        
        1. INTRODUCTION 377
        
        2. DESIGN AND INSTALLATION OF THE SOLAR HEATING SYSTEM 379
        
        3. EXPERIMENTS AND RESULTS 380
        
        4. TEST ROOM HEAT LOSS CALCULATION AND SYSTEM'S PERFORMANCE FOR HEATING SEASON 382
        
        5. CONCLUSIONS 384
        
        NOMENCLATURE 385
        
        REFERENCES 386
        
        2.9 - THERMODYNAMIC ASSESSMENT OF AN INTEGRATED SOLAR COLLECTOR SYSTEM FOR MULTIGENERATION PURPOSES 387
        
        1. INTRODUCTION 387
        
        2. SYSTEMS DESCRIPTION 388
        
        3. THERMODYNAMIC ASSESSMENT 390
        
        3.2 ENERGY BALANCE ANALYSIS 390
        
        3.2.3 Double-Effect Absorption Cooling Subsystem 391
        
        3.2.1 Concentrating Collector 391
        
        3.2.2 Rankine Cycle 391
        
        3.2.4 Proton-Exchange Membrane Electrolyzer 392
        
        3.1 MASS BALANCE ANALYSIS 390
        
        3.3 EXERGY BALANCE ANALYSIS 393
        
        3.4 ENERGY AND EXERGY EFFICIENCIES OF THE INTEGRATED SYSTEM 394
        
        4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 396
        
        5. CONCLUSIONS 404
        
        NOMENCLATURE 404
        
        REFERENCES 405
        
        2.10 - ENERGY, EXERGY AND EXERGOECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF A SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE 407
        
        1. INTRODUCTION 407
        
        2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 408
        
        3. ANALYSES 411
        
        3.1 ENERGY ANALYSIS 411
        
        3.2 EXERGY ANALYSIS 414
        
        3.3 EXERGOECONOMIC ANALYSIS 417
        
        4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 418
        
        4.1 ENERGY AND EXERGY ANALYSIS 418
        
        4.2 EXERGOECONOMIC ANALYSIS 420

Author's affiliation

Ibrahim Dincer: University of Ontario Institute of Technology

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