Cross-Border Resource Management

Description

Cross-Border Resource Management, Third Edition covers theoretical and analytical issues relating to cross-border resource management. This book holistically explores issues when two entities share a border, such as sovereign countries, dependent states and others, where each seeks to maximize their political and economic interests regardless of impacts on the environment. This new edition has been completely revised to reflect current issues, with new cases from North America and Europe and discussions and issues regarding air and space. Users will find a single resource that explores the many facets of managing and utilizing natural resources when they extend across defined borders.

Presents a thoroughly updated edition with new cases and coverage on cross-border management
Contains new content on geopolitical issues, environmental impacts of armed conflicts, dividing and managing shared natural resources, exploitation, competition and depletion of border resources
Includes new cases from North America and Europe and discussions and issues regarding air and space

Front Cover 2
Cross-Border Resource Management 5
Copyright Page 6
Dedication 7
Contents 9
List of Figures 13
List of Tables 17
List of Boxes 19
Preface 21
- New to the third edition 23
Acknowledgements 25
Abbreviations 29
1 Border, Boundary and Frontier: Concepts 31
- 1.1 Some Basic Concepts 31
  - 1.1.1 Traditional Definitions 31

Front Cover 2
Cross-Border Resource Management 5
Copyright Page 6
Dedication 7
Contents 9
List of Figures 13
List of Tables 17
List of Boxes 19
Preface 21
- New to the third edition 23
Acknowledgements 25
Abbreviations 29
1 Border, Boundary and Frontier: Concepts 31
- 1.1 Some Basic Concepts 31
  - 1.1.1 Traditional Definitions 31
  - 1.1.2 An Extended Definition 32
- 1.2 A World of Borders 33
  - 1.2.1 Artificial Barriers 34
  - 1.2.2 Geometrical Lines 35
  - 1.2.3 Invisible Borders 37
- 1.3 Borders: Political Hierarchy 39
  - 1.3.1 Independent-Country Level 39
  - 1.3.2 Internally Independent Political-Entity Level 40
  - 1.3.3 Dependent Political-Entity Level 40
  - 1.3.4 Other Political-Unit Levels 41
- 1.4 Borders: Dimension and Structure 42
  - 1.4.1 Spatial Dimension 42
  - 1.4.2 Convex and Concave Borders 44
  - 1.4.3 Enclave and Exclave Borders 45
- 1.5 Case 1. Who Owns the South China Sea? 47
- References 51
- Further Reading 51
2 Globalization, Natural Resources and Borders 53
- 2.1 Globalization and Resources 53
  - 2.1.1 Earth Is Becoming Smaller 53
  - 2.1.2 Demand for Resources 55
- 2.2 A Story About Earth 57
  - 2.2.1 Some Basic Facts 57
  - 2.2.2 Earth’s Tectonic Plates 59
  - 2.2.3 Earth’s Varied Topography 61
- 2.3 Topography and Borders 62
  - 2.3.1 Mountains as Borders 62
  - 2.3.2 Rivers as Borders 63
  - 2.3.3 Lakes/Seas as Borders 66
  - 2.3.4 Bays/Gulfs as Borders 67
  - 2.3.5 Straits/Channels as Borders 68
- 2.4 Natural Resources and Borders 68
  - 2.4.1 Natural Resources: Formation 68
  - 2.4.2 Natural Resources: Classification 69
  - 2.4.3 Old Boundary, New Boundary 71
- 2.5 Case 2. Sea-Level Changes and the Borders 74
- References 77
- Further Reading 79
3 Studying Borders, Evaluating Border Effects 81
- 3.1 Good Boundary, Bad Boundary 81
  - 3.1.1 Why the Qin Dynasty Fails? 82
  - 3.1.2 Samoa Shifts its Time Zone 83
- 3.2 Viewing the Border From Both Sides 84
  - 3.2.1 Proximity and Adjacency 84
  - 3.2.2 Pros and Cons of Borders 85
  - 3.2.3 Views From a Larger Extent 89
- 3.3 Borders and Border Effects 90
  - 3.3.1 Story 1: ‘1>27’ 91
  - 3.3.2 Story 2: ‘7<4’ 91
  - 3.3.3 A Simple Model 92
- 3.4 Measuring Border Effects 95
  - 3.4.1 Border-Related Barriers 95
  - 3.4.2 Political Economy of Borders 97
- 3.5 Research on and Across Boundaries 99
  - 3.5.1 Natural Sciences 99
  - 3.5.2 Social Science 100
  - 3.5.3 Interdiscipline 101
  - 3.5.4 Cross-Border Research 103
- 3.6 Case 3. Estimating Border Effects: A Model 104
- References 108
- Further Reading 110
4 Cross-Border Resource Management: Institutions 111
- 4.1 Doctrines and Obligations 111
  - 4.1.1 Early Doctrines 111
  - 4.1.2 Equity and Justice 113
  - 4.1.3 The Obligation Not to Cause Harm 115
- 4.2 Cross-Border Management: Categories 116
  - 4.2.1 Resource Allocation 117
  - 4.2.2 Resource Management 118
  - 4.2.3 Integrated Spatial Planning 119
- 4.3 Cross-Border Management: Regimes 121
  - 4.3.1 Cooperative Management 122
  - 4.3.2 Joint Management 123
  - 4.3.3 Third-Party Trusteeship 125
- 4.4 Institutional Formulation 126
  - 4.4.1 The First Treaty on Border 126
  - 4.4.2 Treaty, Convention and Protocol 127
  - 4.4.3 Well Begun Is Half Done 131
- 4.5 Case 4. Charting the East China Sea: An American View 131
- References 135
- Further Reading 138
5 Cross-Border Resource Management: Methods 139
- 5.1 Fair Division: Continuous Methods 139
  - 5.1.1 Divider–Chooser Method 140
  - 5.1.2 Lone Divider Method 142
  - 5.1.4 Last Diminisher Method 143
  - 5.1.3 Lone Chooser Method 143
- 5.2 Fair Division: Discrete Methods 144
  - 5.2.1 Method of Sealed Bids 145
  - 5.2.2 Method of Markers 147
  - 5.2.3 Summary and Application 148
- 5.3 Non-cooperative Game Theory 151
  - 5.3.1 An Old Story 151
  - 5.3.2 A Prisoner’s Dilemma 151
  - 5.3.3 Subgame Perfect Equilibrium 153
- 5.4 Cooperative Game Theory 155
  - 5.4.1 A Win–Win Game 155
  - 5.4.2 Seeking Pareto Optimality 156
  - 5.4.3 Summary and Application 158
- 5.5 Case 5. South China Sea Disputes as Games 159
- References 166
- Further Reading 166
6 Exploiting Natural Resources in Cross-Border Areas 169
- 6.1 Solid Resources, Fixed Boundaries 169
  - 6.1.1 Depletion of Natural Resources 169
  - 6.1.2 One World, Different Countries 171
  - 6.1.3 Geopolitical Influences 172
- 6.2 Fixed Boundaries, Fluid Resources 173
  - 6.2.1 What Are Fluid Resources? 173
  - 6.2.2 Transboundary Aquifer System 174
  - 6.2.3 Iraq–Kuwait Boundary Oil 177
  - 6.2.4 US–Mexico Boundary Waters 179
- 6.3 Solid Resources, Uncertain Boundaries 180
  - 6.3.1 Uncertain Spratly Islands 180
  - 6.3.2 Tumen’s Development Puzzle 183
- 6.4 Uncertain Boundaries, Fluid Resources 186
  - 6.4.1 Rough East China Sea 187
  - 6.4.2 In-Depth Reasons of Discord 189
- 6.5 Models of Cross-Border Development 190
  - 6.5.1 Solo-Development Model 191
  - 6.5.2 Parallel-Development Model 194
  - 6.5.3 Joint Venture Model 197
  - 6.5.4 Joint Authority Model 199
  - 6.5.5 Third-Party Trusteeship Model 201
- 6.6 Case 6. A Model of Cross-Border Oil Exploitation 203
- References 207
- Further Reading 209
7 Air and Space Resources and Cross-Border Cooperation 211
- 7.1 Drawing Borders Beyond Earth 211
  - 7.1.1 A Failed Attempt 211
  - 7.1.2 Potential Resource, Actual Resource 213
  - 7.1.3 Layers of the Atmosphere 214
- 7.2 Climate and Weather 216
  - 7.2.1 Climate and Climate Change 216
  - 7.2.2 Good Wind, Bad Wind 219
  - 7.2.3 Clouds as Rivers Flowing in the Sky 220
- 7.3 Artificial Weather Modification 221
  - 7.3.1 Cloud Seeding 222
  - 7.3.2 Storm/Hurricane Prevention 223
  - 7.3.3 Weather Modification in Warfare 224
- 7.4 Cloud Seeding and Downwind Areas 224
  - 7.4.1 ‘Hey! You! Get Off of My Cloud!’ 224
  - 7.4.2 Technical and Legal Issues 228
- 7.5 Space Competition and Cooperation 229
  - 7.5.1 Aerospace Is Not an Empty Void 229
  - 7.5.2 Avoiding Aerospace Race 230
  - 7.5.3 Managing Space Debris 231
- 7.6 Case 7. An Overview of Satellite Collision Incidents 232
- References 234
- Further Reading 235
8 Cross-Border Ecological Preservation and Biosafety 237
- 8.1 Over-Exploitation: Old Issues 237
  - 8.1.1 The Tragedy of the Commons 237
  - 8.1.2 A Simple Fishery Model 238
- 8.2 Defining Maritime Boundaries 240
  - 8.2.1 What Does the UNCLOS Say? 240
  - 8.2.2 Territorial and International Waters 242
- 8.3 Avoiding Lose–Lose Situations 243
  - 8.3.1 Resource Over-Exploitation 244
  - 8.3.2 From Lose–Lose to Win–Win Games 245
- 8.4 Bioinvasions, Biosafety and Borders 247
  - 8.4.1 A Few Words About Bioinvasions 247
  - 8.4.2 Stop Invasive Species 248
  - 8.4.3 Cross-Border Biosafety 250
- 8.5 Creating Protected Areas 253
  - 8.5.1 What Is Protected Area? 253
  - 8.5.2 New Areas, New Borders 255
- 8.6 Case 8. Stop Asian Carp in the United States: An Asian View 257
- References 260
- Further Reading 262
9 Cross-Border Environmental Pollution and Management 263
- 9.1 Earth and the Environment 263
  - 9.1.1 Earth as a Diverse System 263
  - 9.1.2 Old Issues, New Issues 266
- 9.2 Cross-Border Environmental Pollution 269
  - 9.2.1 Environmental Quality 269
  - 9.2.2 Cross-Border Water Pollution 271
  - 9.2.3 A Statistical Test 273
- 9.3 Cross-Border Separation and the Environment 275
  - 9.3.1 Common Issues, Differing Views 275
  - 9.3.2 A US–Mexico Comparison 276
  - 9.3.3 Tumen Water Pollution 279
- 9.4 Global Warming and Warning 281
  - 9.4.1 Global Warming 281
  - 9.4.2 Sea-Level Rise Projections 282
  - 9.4.3 Challenges to Border-Related Issues 285
- 9.5 Nature Does Not Recognize Borders 285
  - 9.5.1 Border Issues, Broader Issues 285
  - 9.5.2 Policy Implications 288
- 9.6 Case 9. A Model of Cross-Border Water Pollution 289
- References 294
- Further Reading 298
10 Territorial Discontinuity and Cross-Border Cooperation 299
- 10.1 Why Discontinuous Territories? 299
  - 10.1.1 Historical Context 299
  - 10.1.2 Legal Factor 301
- 10.2 Enclaves and Counter-Enclaves 303
  - 10.2.1 Who Drew These Borders? 303
  - 10.2.2 De-enclaving the Border Areas 306
- 10.3 Cross-Border Territorial Re-allocation 309
  - 10.3.1 Territorial Re-allocation: Rationale 309
  - 10.3.2 Territorial Re-allocation: Principles 311
- 10.4 Territorial Diplomacy and Geopolitics 314
  - 10.4.1 Cooperative Geopolitical Games (This subsection is based on Guo (2007, pp. 49–50, 57–59, 87–89, 106–108 and 265–266)) 314
  - 10.4.2 Non-cooperative Geopolitical Games 317
- 10.5 Cross-Border Territorial Cooperation 320
  - 10.5.1 European Territorial Cooperation 320
  - 10.5.2 US–Mexico Border Crossings 321
  - 10.5.3 A Glance of Friendship Bridges 322
- 10.6 Case 10. A Glance of the Land Swap Schemes 326
- References 327
11 Territorial Disputes and Cross-Border Management 329
- 11.1 What Are Bad Boundaries? 329
  - 11.1.1 Inappropriate Terms and Place Names 330
  - 11.1.2 Vague Geometrical Features 331
  - 11.1.3 Intricate Human and Cultural Features 332
  - 11.1.4 Inconsistent or Contradictory Statements 335
- 11.2 Factors Activating Territorial Disputes 336
  - 11.2.1 Resource Scarcity 337
  - 11.2.2 Locational Feature 338
  - 11.2.3 Domestic Politics 339
  - 11.2.4 Geopolitical Competition 340
  - 11.2.5 Cultural Difference 341
  - 11.2.6 Summary 343
- 11.3 Political Economy of Territorial Disputes 345
  - 11.3.1 Costs of Territorial Disputes 345
  - 11.3.2 Focusing the South China Sea Disputes 348
- 11.4 Territorial Disputes and Resource Management 354
  - 11.4.1 Armed Conflicts and the Environment 354
  - 11.4.2 Resource Management in Disputed Areas 357
- 11.5 Case 11. Territorial Claims in the Arctic 359
- References 362
12 Cross-Border Conflict Prevention and Management 367
- 12.1 Preventing Conflict 367
  - 12.1.1 Negotiation 368
  - 12.1.2 Mediation 369
  - 12.1.3 Arbitration 374
  - 12.1.4 Litigation 379
  - 12.1.5 Shelving Disputes 386
- 12.2 Options for Areas in Conflict 388
  - 12.2.1 Buffer Zone 389
  - 12.2.2 Neutral Zone 394
  - 12.2.3 Demilitarized Zone 396
  - 12.2.4 International Peace Park 398
- 12.3 Warfare Management 404
  - 12.3.1 From Disputes to Wars 404
  - 12.3.2 Managing Wars 406
- 12.4 The Art of Avoiding War 407
  - 12.4.1 An Art-of-Avoiding-War Flowchart 407
  - 12.4.2 Toward a War-Free World 409
- 12.5 Case 12. How the Korean DMZ Works 410
- References 414
- Further Reading 416
Appendix A: Data on the International Land Boundaries of the World 417
Appendix B: Data on Claims for Maritime Boundaries by Country 427
Appendix C: A List of Internationally Adjacent Protected Areas 433
Appendix D: List of Countries With Boundary and Territorial Disputes 449
Index 459
Back Cover 475

Author's affiliation

Rongxing Guo: Regional Science Association of China (RSAC),

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