Submarine Optical Cable Engineering

Description

Submarine Optical Cable Engineering presents a summary and exposition from authors engaged in the submarine optical cable engineering field. It systematically discusses the theory and practice of engineering site selection, route survey, laying construction, system maintenance, and safety in operation and information management, all topics relating to the long-term development and progress of science and technology. As there are now more than 230 extant systems, with a total length of more than one million kilometers, this book compiles the wealth of experience that has accumulated regarding their construction stemming from the first inter ocean submarine cable system (TAT-8) built in 1988.

Describes and summarizes the theory and practice of submarine optical cable engineering site selection, route survey, laying construction, system maintenance, safety in operation and information management
Presents analysis derived from active engagement in the construction of submarine optical cables engineering taken from decades of experience
Embodies the theory of marine science and engineering practice, combining multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary combination of knowledge and international perspective on the characteristics and the discussion of theory, technology and methods
Introduces the international submarine cable protection organizations, relevant law and the law of the sea

Front Cover 2
Submarine Optical Cable Engineering 3
Submarine Optical Cable Engineering 5
Copyright 6
Contents 7
List of Contributors 11
Foreword 13
Preface 15
Acknowledgments 17
Introduction 19
1 - INTRODUCTION 21
- 1.1 SOME BASIC KNOWLEDGE RELATED TO SUBMARINE OPTICAL CABLE COMMUNICATION 22
  - 1.1.1 OPTICAL FIBER STRUCTURE AND OPTICAL TRANSMISSION CHARACTERISTICS 22
    - 1.1.1.3 Optical Fiber Transmission Characteristics 22
    - 1.1.1.1 Propagation Characteristics of Light 22
    - 1.1.1.2 Structure of Optical Fiber 22
    - 1.1.1.4 Optical Fiber Classification and Submarine Optical Cable Fiber Selection 23
  - 1.1.2 STRUCTURES AND TYPES OF SUBMARINE OPTICAL CABLE 25
    - 1.1.2.1 Structure of Submarine Optical Cable 25
    - 1.1.2.2 Submarine Optical Cable Type 27
    - 1.1.2.3 Submarine Optical Cable Characteristics 28
    - 1.1.2.4 Comparison of the Characteristics of Various Types of Submarine Optical Cable 28
  - 1.1.3 SUBMARINE CABLE COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY FEATURES 28
- 1.2 SUBMARINE OPTICAL CABLE SYSTEM COMPOSITION AND NETWORKING MODE 29
  - 1.2.1 SUBMARINE CABLE SYSTEM COMPOSITION 29
    - 1.2.1.1 Sea Equipment 30
    - 1.2.1.2 Submarine Optical Cable Landing Station Equipment 32
  - 1.2.2 SUBMARINE CABLE SYSTEM NETWORKING MODE 35
    - 1.2.2.1 Point-to-Point Networking 35
    - 1.2.2.2 Ring Networking Mode 35
    - 1.2.2.3 Branch-Shaped Networking 36
    - 1.2.2.4 Hybrid Topology Networking 37
  - 1.3 DEVELOPMENT HISTORY OF SUBMARINE COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 37
    - 1.3.1 INVENTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH CABLE 37
    - 1.3.2 INVENTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE SUBMARINE COAXIAL COMMUNICATION CABLE 40
    - 1.3.3 INVENTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF SUBMARINE OPTICAL CABLE COMMUNICATION 44
  - 2 - MARINE NATURAL GEOGRAPHY AND SEA BOUNDARY DIVISION 49
    - 2.1 SEA AND LAND DISTRIBUTION ON THE EARTH'S SURFACE 50
    - 2.2 NATURAL GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA OFFSHORE 52
      - 2.2.1 CHINA'S OFFSHORE GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 52
      - 2.2.2 SEABED TOPOGRAPHY AND LANDFORMS 53
        
        2.2.2.1 Seabed Topography 53
        
        2.2.2.2 Seabed Landforms 55
      - 2.2.3 SEABED SEDIMENTS 57
      - 2.2.4 CLIMATIC FACTORS AND THE HYDROLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 60
        
        2.2.4.1 Climatic Factors of the Offshore Sea Area of China 60
        
        2.2.4.3 Waves 64
        
        2.2.4.2 Tide and Tide Current 64
      - 2.2.5 MARINE DISASTERS 66
        
        2.2.5.1 Typhoons 66
        
        2.2.5.4 Sea Ice 67
        
        2.2.5.2 Storm Surges 67
        
        2.2.5.3 Sea Waves 67
        
        2.2.5.5 Sea Earthquakes 68
        
        2.2.5.6 Tsunamis 68
        
        2.2.5.7 Coastal Erosion 69
        
        2.2.5.8 Submarine Landslides 69
        
        2.2.5.9 Submarine Turbidity 70
      - 2.3 LAW OF THE SEA AND SEA BOUNDARY DIVISION 70
        
        2.3.1 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA 70
        
        2.3.1.1 Baselines of the Territorial Sea 72
        
        2.3.1.4 Contiguous Zone 72
        
        2.3.1.2 Internal Waters 72
        
        2.3.1.3 Territorial Sea 72
        
        2.3.1.7 Exclusive Economic Zone 73
        
        2.3.1.5 Straits for International Voyages 73
        
        2.3.1.8 Continental Shelf 73
        
        2.3.1.6 Archipelagic Waters 73
        
        2.3.1.9 High Seas 74
        
        2.3.1.10 International Seabed Areas 74
        
        2.3.1.11 Innocent Passage 75
        
        2.3.2 CHINA'S TERRITORIAL SEA SYSTEM 75
      - 3 - GENERAL LAYOUT AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SUBMARINE OPTICAL CABLE SYSTEM IN CHINA 79
        
        3.1 INTERNATIONAL SUBMARINE OPTICAL CABLE SYSTEM 80
        
        3.1.1 CONSTRUCTION OF THE INTERNATIONAL SUBMARINE OPTICAL CABLE SYSTEM IN CHINA 80
        
        3.1.1.2 China-Korea Fiber-Optic Submarine Cable System 84
        
        3.1.1.3 Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe 84
        
        3.1.1.1 China–Japan Fiber-Optic Submarine Cable System 84
        
        3.1.1.5 China–US Cable Network System 86
        
        3.1.1.4 South-East Asia-Middle East-West Europe 3 86
        
        3.1.1.6 Asia Pacific Cable Network 2 87
        
        3.1.1.7 East Asia Crossing City-to-City Cable System 88
        
        3.1.1.8 Trans-Pacific Express 89
        
        3.1.1.10 South-East Asia Japan Cable System 90
        
        3.1.1.9 Asia-American Gateway 90
        
        3.1.1.11 Asia Pacific Gateway 91
        
        3.1.2 LAYOUT AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SUBMARINE OPTICAL CABLE SYSTEM IN CHINA 91
        
        3.1.2.1 Qingdao Landing Point 93
        
        3.1.2.2 Chongming Landing Point in Shanghai 94
        
        3.1.2.5 Hong Kong Landing Point 95
        
        3.1.2.4 Shantou Landing Point 95
        
        3.1.2.3 Nanhui Landing Point in Shanghai 95
        
        3.1.2.6 Macau Landing Point 96
        
        3.1.2.7 Taiwan Landing Location 96
        
        3.2 CHINA'S DOMESTIC SUBMARINE OPTICAL CABLE SYSTEM 96
        
        3.2.1 BUILDING PROGRESS 96
        
        3.2.1.1 Land-Island and Island-Island Submarine Optical Cable 98
        
        3.2.1.2 Submarine Optical Cables Between Offshore Oil and Gas Engineering and the Land, and Between Platforms 100
        
        3.2.1.3 Submarine Scientific Observatory Network 101
        
        3.2.2 DISTRIBUTION CHARACTERISTICS 101
        
        3.3 DISPOSAL REASONS AND ABANDONED PROGRAMS OF SUBMARINE OPTICAL CABLE 102
        
        3.3.1 DISPOSAL REASONS 102
        
        3.3.1.1 Abandoned Due to Serious Damage or Over Service Life 102
        
        3.3.1.2 Abandonment Due to Outdated Technology 103
        
        3.3.1.3 Other Reasons 103
        
        3.3.2 ABANDONED PROGRAMS 103
        
        3.3.2.1 Discarded in Situ 103
        
        3.3.2.2 Salvage and Recycling 104
        
        3.3.2.3 Turning to Other Uses 104
        
        3.3.3 ANALYSIS OF ABANDONED SUBMARINE OPTICAL CABLES IN CHINA 105
        
        3.3.3.1 International Submarine Optical Cable 105
        
        3.3.3.2 Domestic Submarine Optical Cable 105
        
        4 - DESKTOP STUDY OF SITE SELECTION FOR SUBMARINE OPTICAL CABLE ENGINEERING 107
        
        4.1 SITE SELECTION PRINCIPLES AND WORKING PROCEDURES OF THE SUBMARINE OPTICAL CABLE PROJECT 108
        
        4.1.1 PROJECT SITE SELECTION PRINCIPLES 108
        
        4.1.1.1 Landing Point Selection 108
        
        4.1.1.2 Marine Route Selection 108
        
        4.1.2 PROJECT SITE SELECTION PROCEDURES 109
        
        4.1.2.1 Data Collection and Investigation 109
        
        4.1.2.2 Landing Site Visit 111
        
        4.1.2.3 Report Compilation 112
        
        4.1.3 DESKTOP STUDY REPORT 112
        
        4.1.3.1 The Contents of the Desktop Study Report 112
        
        4.1.3.2 Chart Compilation Requirements 113
        
        4.2 EXAMPLES OF SITE SELECTION FOR THE SUBMARINE OPTICAL CABLE PROJECT 114
        
        4.2.1 CHINA–JAPAN SUBMARINE FIBER OPTIC CABLE SYSTEM 114
        
        4.2.2 CHINA–US CABLE NETWORK 115
        
        4.2.2.1 Landing Point Location 115
        
        4.2.2.2 The Route Selection in the East China Sea 118
        
        4.2.2.3 The Route Selection in the South China Sea 119
        
        4.2.3 ASIA PACIFIC CABLE NETWORK 2 120
        
        4.2.3.1 Segment 3 and Segment 4 Route in the East China Sea 120
        
        4.2.3.2 Shantou Landing Point and Segment 7 and Segment 8 Route in the South China Sea 122
        
        4.2.3.3 Hong Kong Landing Point and Segment 2 and Segment 3 Route in the South China Sea 123
        
        4.2.4 CITY-TO-CITY CABLE SYSTEM 123
        
        4.2.5 TRANS-PACIFIC EXPRESS 125
        
        4.2.5.1 Chongming Landing Point, Shanghai 125
        
        4.2.5.2 Trans-Pacific Express S1S Route 127
        
        4.2.5.3 Trans-Pacific Express S4 Route 127
        
        4.2.6 INTRA-ASIA CABLE SYSTEM 128
        
        4.2.7 TAIWAN STRAIT EXPRESS-1 129
        
        4.2.8 ASIA PACIFIC GATEWAY 132
        
        4.2.8.1 Segment 3 of Asia Pacific Gateway 133
        
        4.2.8.2 Segment 4 of Asia Pacific Gateway 134
        
        5 - ENGINEERING SITE SURVEY FOR SUBMARINE OPTICAL CABLE 137
        
        5.1 THE PURPOSE AND CONTENTS OF SURVEY 138
        
        5.1.2 THE CONTENTS OF SURVEY 138
        
        5.1.2.1 Water Depth and Seabed Topography 138
        
        5.1.2.2 Seabed Condition and Obstacles on the Seafloor 140
        
        5.1.2.3 Sub-Bottom Stratigraphic Characteristics 146
        
        5.1.2.4 Geological Hazard Factors 149
        
        5.1.2.6 Marine Hydrologic and Meteorologic Elements 151
        
        5.1.2.7 Corrosive Environmental Parameters 151
        
        5.1.2.5 Physical and Mechanical Properties of the Seabed Material 151
        
        5.1.2.8 Marine Planning and Development Activities 152
        
        5.1.1 THE PURPOSE OF SURVEY 138
        
        5.2 SURVEY PROCEDURES AND TECHNICAL METHODS 152
        
        5.2.1 SURVEY PROCEDURES 152
        
        5.2.1.1 Preliminary Data Collection 152
        
        5.2.1.4 Laboratory Testing 152
        
        5.2.1.2 Formulation of Implementation Plan 152
        
        5.2.1.3 Maritime Survey 152
        
        5.2.1.6 Preparation of Drawings and Reports 153
        
        5.2.1.5 Data Processing and Interpretation 153
        
        5.2.2 SURVEY TECHNIQUE AND METHODS 153
        
        5.2.2.1 Navigation and Positioning 154
        
        5.2.2.2 Engineering Geophysical Survey 155
        
        5.2.2.3 Engineering Geological Survey 166
        
        5.2.2.4 Field Observation of Hydrological and Meteorological Factors 173
        
        5.2.2.5 Observations of Marine Development Activities 176
        
        5.3 CABLE ROUTING CONDITION EVALUATION AND ROUTE SURVEY REPORT COMPILATION 176
        
        5.3.1 ROUTING CONDITION EVALUATION 176
        
        5.3.1.1 Evaluation of Engineering Geological Conditions 176
        
        5.3.1.3 Seismic Safety Evaluation 178
        
        5.3.1.4 Marine Planning and Development Activities 178
        
        5.3.1.2 Marine Hydrologic and Meteorologic Environment Assessment 178
        
        5.3.2 ROUTE SURVEY REPORT AND MAP COMPILATION 180
        
        5.3.2.1 Route Survey Report Compilation 180
        
        5.3.2.2 Map Compilation 180
        
        6 - INSTALLATION OF THE SUBMARINE OPTICAL CABLE 181
        
        6.1 INSTALLATION EQUIPMENT FOR SUBMARINE OPTICAL CABLE 181
        
        6.1.1 SUBMARINE CABLE SHIP 182
        
        6.1.1.1 The Development and History of the Submarine Cable Ship 182
        
        6.1.1.2 Characteristics of the Modern Submarine Cable Ship 183
        
        6.1.1.3 Development Prospects of the Submarine Cable Ship 189
        
        6.1.2 BURIAL EQUIPMENT 191
        
        6.1.2.1 Cable Burial Machine 191
        
        6.1.2.2 Remote-Operating Vehicle 195
        
        6.1.2.3 Professional Cable Installation Software 198
        
        6.2 INSTALLATION TECHNIQUE FOR SUBMARINE OPTICAL CABLE 200
        
        6.2.1 SUBMARINE CABLE LOADING 200
        
        6.2.1.1 Basic Cable Loading Procedures 201
        
        6.2.1.2 Technical Requirements for Cable Loading 201
        
        6.2.2 SUBMARINE CABLE INSTALLATION 202
        
        6.2.2.1 Landing Installation 202
        
        6.2.2.2 Burial Installation 206
        
        6.2.2.3 Laying Installation 210
        
        7 - MAINTENANCE OF SUBMARINE OPTICAL CABLE 215
        
        7.1 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS FOR THE PROTECTION OF SUBMARINE CABLE AND RELATED LAWS 216
        
        7.1.1 INTERNATIONAL CABLE PROTECTION COMMITTEE 216
        
        7.1.1.1 Generation and Main Functions of the International Cable Protection Committee 216
        
        7.1.1.2 Composition of Members of the International Cable Protection Committee 217
        
        7.1.1.3 Role of the International Cable Protection Committee 219
        
        7.1.2 RELEVANT LAWS FOR THE PROTECTION OF INTERNATIONAL SUBMARINE CABLE 220
        
        7.1.2.1 Relevant International Laws for the Protection of Submarine Cable 220
        
        7.1.2.3 China's Laws and Regulations on the Protection of the Submarine Cable 222
        
        7.1.2.2 Laws and Regulations of Other Countries for Protection of the Submarine Cable 222
        
        7.1.3 OPERATION MODE OF INTERNATIONAL SUBMARINE CABLE MAINTENANCE 225
        
        7.1.3.2 Yokohama Maintenance Zone 225
        
        7.1.3.1 Submarine Cable Maintenance Area 225
        
        7.2 FAULT DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING FOR SUBMARINE OPTICAL CABLE 226
        
        7.2.1 SUBMARINE OPTICAL CABLE FAULT TYPES 226
        
        7.2.1.1 Shunt Fault 226
        
        7.2.1.3 Optic-Fiber Fault 227
        
        7.2.1.4 Short Fault 227
        
        7.2.1.2 Open Fault 227
        
        7.2.1.5 Repeater or Branching Unit Failure 227
        
        7.2.2 METHODS FOR DETERMINING FAULT LOCATIONS OF THE SUBMARINE OPTICAL CABLE 227
        
        7.2.2.1 Methods for Determining the Fiber Fault Location 227
        
        7.2.2.2 Methods for Determining the Shunt Fault Location 228
        
        7.2.2.3 Methods for Determining the Open Fault Location 231
        
        7.2.2.4 Methods for Determining Fault Location of the Repeater or Branch Unit 231
        
        7.3 FAULT REPAIR FOR SUBMARINE OPTICAL CABLE 232
        
        7.3.1 FAULT REPAIR PROCEDURES FOR SUBMARINE OPTICAL CABLE 232
        
        7.3.1.2 Preparation of Repair 232
        
        7.3.1.1 Start-Up of the Repair Work 232
        
        7.3.1.3 Repair Operation In Situ 233
        
        7.3.1.4 Post Burial 235
        
        7.3.1.5 Later Work After a Repair Operation 235
        
        7.3.2 RECOVERY TECHNIQUE FOR SUBMARINE OPTICAL CABLE 235
        
        7.3.2.1 Equipment Used in Recovery 235
        
        7.3.2.2 Submarine Cable Recovering and Recycling Operation Process 245
        
        7.3.2.3 Requirements of Recovery and Recycling Operations for the Buried or Deep-Sea Submarine Cable 245
        
        7.3.2.4 Special Recovery Method 246
        
        7.3.3 TESTING TECHNIQUE OF FAULT REPAIR FOR THE SUBMARINE OPTICAL CABLE 246
        
        7.3.3.1 Testing Before the Fault Point Clears 247
        
        7.3.3.2 Testing After the Fault Point Clears 248
        
        7.3.4 JOINTING TECHNIQUE FOR THE SUBMARINE OPTICAL CABLE 249
        
        7.3.4.1 Universal joint (UJ)/Universal coupling (UC)/Universal Quick Joint (UQJ) Jointing Technology 249
        
        7.3.4.2 Submarine Cable-Jointing Technology and Procedures 250
        
        8 - SAFETY OF SUBMARINE OPTICAL CABLE 255
        
        8.1 FACTORS AFFECTING THE SAFETY OF SUBMARINE OPTICAL CABLE 256
        
        8.1.1 HUMAN FACTORS RELATED TO MARINE DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITY 256
        
        8.1.1.1 Fishing Activities 257
        
        8.1.1.2 Anchoring Operations 261
        
        8.1.1.3 Other Marine Development Activities 266
        
        8.1.2 NATURAL FACTORS 266
        
        8.1.2.1 Geological Factors 266
        
        8.1.2.2 Hydrodynamic Factors 269
        
        8.1.2.3 Corrosive Environmental Factors 270
        
        8.1.2.4 Biological Factors 270
        
        8.1.3 OTHER FACTORS 270
        
        8.1.3.1 Submarine Optical Cable-Installation and Maintenance Technology 270
        
        8.1.3.2 Type and Structural Strength of the Submarine Optical Cable 272
        
        8.2 COUNTERMEASURES TO ENSURE SAFETY OF THE SUBMARINE OPTICAL CABLE 273
        
        8.2.1 DEVELOP COMPLETE LAWS AND REGULATIONS FOR THE PROTECTION OF SUBMARINE CABLE 273
        
        8.2.2 OPTIMIZATION OF ENGINEERING SITE SELECTION 273
        
        8.2.3 PERFECTING ENGINEERING DESIGN 274
        
        8.2.4 STANDARDIZED INSTALLATION PROCEDURES 275
        
        8.2.5 STRENGTHENING PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND SAFETY EMERGENCY MEASURES 276
        
        8.2.5.1 Setting Up Warning Devices 276
        
        8.2.5.2 Publicity and Education 276
        
        8.2.5.3 Regular Inspection, Cruise Patrol and Other Measures 277
        
        9 - SUBMARINE CABLE PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND MAINTENANCE MONITORING INFORMATION SYSTEM 279
        
        9.1 TYPES AND COMPOSITION OF THE GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM 280
        
        9.1.1 TYPES OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM 280
        
        9.1.2 COMPOSITION OF THE GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM 282
        
        9.1.2.1 Computer Hardware System 282
        
        9.1.2.2 Computer Software System 282
        
        9.1.2.3 Geospatial Data 283
        
        9.1.2.4 System Management Operator 284
        
        9.2 SUBMARINE OPTICAL CABLE PROJECT MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM 284
        
        9.2.1 CONSTRUCTION GOAL 284
        
        9.2.2 SPATIAL REFERENCE SYSTEM AND MAP PROJECTION 285
        
        9.2.2.1 Fundamental Elements of the Earth's Ellipsoid 285
        
        9.2.2.2 Coordinate System 287
        
        9.2.2.3 The Choice of Map Projection 287
        
        9.2.3 TECHNICAL ROUTE OF THE SYSTEM CONSTRUCTION 288
        
        9.2.3.1 Independent Development 289
        
        9.2.3.2 Pure Secondary Development 289
        
        9.2.3.3 Integrated Secondary Development 289
        
        9.2.4 GEOSPATIAL DATA 289
        
        9.2.5 MAIN FUNCTIONS 290
        
        9.2.5.1 Data Collection 290
        
        9.2.5.4 Spatial Query and Analysis 291
        
        9.2.5.2 Data Processing 291
        
        9.2.5.3 Data Storage Organization 291
        
        9.2.5.5 Graphic Visualization 292
        
        9.2.5.6 Added Proprietary Features 292
        
        9.2.6 TYPICAL CASE ANALYSIS 294
        
        9.2.6.2 MakaiPlan 294
        
        9.2.6.1 GeoCable 294
        
        9.3 SUBMARINE OPTICAL CABLE MAINTENANCE AND MONITORING INFORMATION SYSTEM 296
        
        9.3.1 CONSTRUCTION GOAL 296
        
        9.3.2 SHIP DYNAMIC MONITORING MODE 300
        
        9.3.2.3 Satellite Monitoring 300
        
        9.3.2.1 Radar Monitoring 300
        
        9.3.2.2 Code Multiaddress Network Monitoring 300
        
        9.3.2.4 Ship Automatic Identification System Monitoring 301
        
        9.3.3 INTEGRATION TECHNIQUE OF THE SUBMARINE CABLE MAINTENANCE AND MONITORING SYSTEM 301
        
        9.3.3.1 Ship Automatic Identification System 301
        
        9.3.3.2 Communication Technology 303
        
        9.3.3.3 Target Data Fusion Technology 304
        
        9.3.3.4 Geographic Information System 304
        
        9.3.4 PRINCIPLES AND COMPOSITION OF THE SUBMARINE CABLE MAINTENANCE AND MONITORING SYSTEM 304

Author's affiliation

Yin-can YE: Professor and General Engineer, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou, China

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