Underground Engineering

Description

Underground Engineering: Planning, Design, Construction and Operation of the Underground Space provides the author's vast experience as both an academic and practitioner. It covers Planning, Design, Construction and the Operation of Underground Structures. Targeted at young professionals, students and researchers new to the field, the book contains examples, illustrations and cases from diverse underground uses, from roads to disposal facilities. Sections cover the history of the field, upcoming challenges, the planning stage of the subsurface use, including financial planning and reliability forecasting, site investigation, instrumentation and modeling, construction techniques and challenges, and more.

Young professionals in this area will benefit from the updated and complete overview of Underground Engineering. Students will find the examples and cases particularly didactic. Richly illustrated, this book is an excellent resource for all involved in the development of the underground space.

Offers a complete introduction to the area, including planning, design, construction and the operation of underground structures
Assumes little previous knowledge from readers
Presents the most recent techniques and future technical trends
Richly illustrated and packed with examples to help readers understand the fundamentals of the area

Front Cover 2
Underground Engineering: Planning, Design, Construction and Operation of the Underground Space 5
Copyright Page 6
Contents 7
Preface 9
Acknowledgments 11
Brief Introduction 13
1 History of Subsurface Development 15
- 1.1 Caves and Grottos 16
  - 1.1.1 Caves as Burial Sites 17
  - 1.1.3 Caves as Dwellings 18
  - 1.1.2 Caves as Temples and Monasteries 18
- 1.2 Ancient Mines 18
- 1.3 Water Tunnels 21
  - 1.3.1 Tunnels to Supply Water 21

Front Cover 2
Underground Engineering: Planning, Design, Construction and Operation of the Underground Space 5
Copyright Page 6
Contents 7
Preface 9
Acknowledgments 11
Brief Introduction 13
1 History of Subsurface Development 15
- 1.1 Caves and Grottos 16
  - 1.1.1 Caves as Burial Sites 17
  - 1.1.3 Caves as Dwellings 18
  - 1.1.2 Caves as Temples and Monasteries 18
- 1.2 Ancient Mines 18
- 1.3 Water Tunnels 21
  - 1.3.1 Tunnels to Supply Water 21
  - 1.3.2 Tunnels to Ensure Drainage 22
- 1.4 Underground Power Stations 24
- 1.5 Transportation Tunnels 26
  - 1.5.1 Railway Tunnels 26
  - 1.5.2 Road Tunnels 27
  - 1.5.3 Metro Tunnels for Cities 28
- 1.6 Underground Recreational Facilities 30
- 1.7 Underground Space for the Future 31
  - 1.7.2 Future Tunnels 31
  - 1.7.1 Underground Space in Cities 31
  - 1.7.3 Energy Supply Research 32
  - 1.7.4 Submerged Floating Tunnels 32
  - 1.7.5 Moon Caverns 33
- References 35
- 1.8 Questions 35
- Further Reading 37
2 Planning the Use of Subsurface Space 39
- 2.1 Economic Benefits 40
- 2.2 Types of Underground Spaces 42
- 2.3 Depth in Underground Planning 42
- 2.4 Underground Level Planning 43
  - 2.4.1 Criteria 43
  - 2.4.2 Considerations 45
  - 2.4.3 Planning Phases 45
  - 2.4.4 Sustainable and Integrated Planning 45
- 2.5 Financial Planning 48
  - 2.5.1 Principles of Financial Planning 48
  - 2.5.2 Financial Mechanisms and Responsibilities 49
- 2.6 Reliability of Forecasting 51
- 2.7 Case Study: Transnational Railway Under the Himalayas 52
  - 2.7.1 Background 52
  - 2.7.2 Demand Projection 53
  - 2.7.3 Alignment Selection 54
  - 2.7.4 Challenges and Countermeasures 56
- 2.8 Questions 58
- References 58
- Further Reading 59
3 Design of Underground Structures 61
- 3.1 Design Models for Underground Structures 63
  - 3.1.1 Empirical Models 65
    - 3.1.1.1 Rock Mass Rating 65
    - 3.1.1.2 Q-System 68
    - 3.1.1.3 Limitations, Links, and Extensions of Rock Mass Rating and Q 75
  - 3.1.2 Load–Structure Model 76
    - 3.1.2.1 Load Types 76
    - 3.1.2.2 Influence on Loads Caused by Tunnel Depth and Diameter 79
    - 3.1.2.3 Design Principle 81
    - 3.1.2.4 Analytical Solution for Soil Displacement Around Deep Excavation in Soft Clay 81
  - 3.1.3 Ground–Structure Model 89
    - 3.1.3.1 Numerical Methods 94
  - 3.1.4 Convergence and Confined Models 97
  - 3.1.5 Tunnel Information Modeling 99
    - 3.1.5.1 Database Management 100
    - 3.1.5.2 Tunnel Information Model 101
  - 3.2 Site Investigation 102
    - 3.2.1 Scopes of Site Investigation 103
    - 3.2.2 Stages of Site Investigation 104
    - 3.2.3 Site Investigation Methods 105
    - 3.2.4 Application of Digital Underground 108
    - 3.2.5 Site Investigation Reports 111
  - 3.3 Instrumentation and Monitoring 113
    - 3.3.1 Purposes of Instrumentation and Monitoring 113
    - 3.3.2 Parameters to Be Monitored 115
    - 3.3.3 Types of Instrumentation 115
    - 3.3.4 Interpreting Monitoring Results 117
  - 3.4 Back Analysis 119
    - 3.4.1 Definition 119
    - 3.4.2 Process 120
  - 3.5 Case Study: Planning and Design of the Shanghai Yangtze River Tunnel 121
    - 3.5.1 Three Methods of Tunnel Lining Design Given by the ITA 122
      - 3.5.1.1 Design Methods for Tunnel Lining 123
      - 3.5.1.2 Comparison Between Tunnel Lining Design Methods 124
    - 3.6 Questions 125
    - References 127
    - Further Reading 129
  - 4 Underground Construction 131
    - 4.1 Cut-and-Cover Construction 132
      - 4.1.1 Bottom-Up Method 132
      - 4.1.2 Top-Down Method 133
      - 4.1.3 Semi-Top-Down Method 133
      - 4.1.4 Cut-and-Cover in Soil Formation 135
        
        4.1.4.1 Retaining Walls 135
        
        4.1.4.2 Pit Excavation and Support 142
        
        4.1.4.3 Structure Construction and Backfilling 143
      - 4.1.5 Cut-and-Cover in Rock Formation 145
        
        4.1.5.1 Retaining Wall Construction 145
      - 4.2 Conventional Tunneling 147
        
        4.2.1 Excavation Method 152
        
        4.2.1.1 Full-Face Excavation 152
        
        4.2.1.2 Stage Excavation 153
        
        4.2.1.3 Crown Heading Excavation 153
        
        4.2.1.5 CRD Excavation 154
        
        4.2.1.6 Sidewall Adit Heading Excavation 154
        
        4.2.1.4 CD Excavation 154
        
        4.2.2 Support System 155
        
        4.2.2.1 Anchors and Rock Bolts 155
        
        4.2.2.2 Lattice Girders 156
        
        4.2.2.3 Sprayed Concrete 158
        
        4.2.2.4 Presupport 158
        
        4.2.3 Waterjet Technology 159
      - 4.3 Mechanical Tunneling 159
        
        4.3.1 Tunnel Boring Machine Types 160
        
        4.3.1.1 Gripper Tunnel Boring Machine 160
        
        4.3.1.2 Double-Shield Tunnel Boring Machine 161
        
        4.3.1.4 Earth Pressure Balance Machines 162
        
        4.3.1.3 Single-Shield Tunnel Boring Machine 162
        
        4.3.1.7 Pipe Jacking 164
        
        4.3.1.5 Slurry Tunnel Boring Machine 164
        
        4.3.1.6 Mixshield Technology 164
        
        4.3.1.8 Partial-Face Excavation Machine 165
        
        4.3.1.9 Noncircular Shields 166
        
        4.3.1.10 Deep Drilling Technology 167
        
        4.3.2 Excavation Tools 168
        
        4.3.3 Muck Management 169
        
        4.3.3.1 Muck Transportation 169
        
        4.3.3.2 Muck Disposal 169
        
        4.3.4 Tunnel Lining 170
        
        4.3.4.1 Fabrication 170
        
        4.3.4.2 Storage 171
        
        4.3.4.3 Transportation 171
        
        4.3.4.4 Segment Erection 171
        
        4.3.5 Tailskin Seal 173
        
        4.3.6 Grouting 175
        
        4.3.8 Comparison of Tunnel Boring Machine and Conventional Excavation 176
        
        4.3.7 Surveying and Guidance Systems 176
      - 4.4 Immersed Tunnels 177
        
        4.4.1 Types of Immersed Tunnels 178
        
        4.4.1.1 Single-Shell Steel Tunnel 179
        
        4.4.1.2 Double-Shell Steel Tunnel 180
        
        4.4.1.3 Sandwich Construction 181
        
        4.4.1.4 Concrete-Immersed Tunnels 181
        
        4.4.2 Construction Method 181
        
        4.4.3 Waterproofing 187
        
        4.4.4 Immersion Joints 188
        
        4.4.5 Advantages and Drawbacks of Immersed Tunnels 189
      - 4.5 Bund Tunnel Case Study: Key Protection Techniques Adopted and Analysis of Influence on Adjacent Buildings Due to Constr... 190
        
        4.5.1 Introduction 190
        
        4.5.2 Measures Taken to Protect Adjacent Buildings and Structures 193
        
        4.5.3 Analysis of Influence on the Adjacent Buildings Due to Tunnel Construction 199
        
        4.5.3.1 Analysis of Influence on the Pujiang Hotel 199
        
        4.5.3.2 Analysis of Influence on the Shanghai Mansion 206
        
        4.5.3.3 Analysis of Influence on the Other Buildings Along the Bund 208
        
        4.6 Conclusions 212
        
        4.7 Questions 212
        
        References 215
        
        Further Reading 217
      - 5 Project Management 219
        
        5.1 Stakeholders 220
        
        5.1.1 The Client 220
        
        5.1.2 The Designer 221
        
        5.1.3 The Contractor 222
        
        5.2 Contract Management 223
        
        5.2.1 Forms of Contracts 223
        
        5.2.2 Procurement Methods 228
        
        5.2.2.1 Traditional Procurement 228
        
        5.2.2.2 Design and Build Procurement 230
        
        5.2.2.3 Management Procurement 231
        
        5.2.4 Claim and Dispute Resolution 232
        
        5.2.3 Contract Documentation 232
        
        5.2.5 Bonds 233
        
        5.3 Risk Management 233
        
        5.3.1 Static Risk Management Method 233
        
        5.3.2 Multiphase Risk Management Method 237
        
        5.4 Quality, Health, Safety, and Environment Performance 239
        
        5.4.3 Environment 240
        
        5.4.1 Quality 240
        
        5.4.2 Safety 240
        
        5.4.4 Health 241
        
        5.5 Case Study: Shanghai Metro Line No. 4 Recovery Project 241
        
        5.5.1 Project Background 241
        
        5.5.2 Risk Analysis of Remedial Solutions 242
        
        5.6 Questions 249
        
        References 251
      - 6 Operation Systems in Underground Engineering 253
        
        6.1 Operational Ventilation Methods 254
        
        6.2 Power Supply 255
        
        6.3 Lighting System and Brightness 255
        
        6.4 Water Supply 256
        
        6.5 Surveillance and Control Systems 257
        
        6.5.2 Control Systems 257
        
        6.5.1 Environmental Health Standards for Tunnel Operation 257
        
        6.6 Safety and Disaster Control 258
        
        6.6.1 Fire 258
        
        6.6.1.1 Fire Risk 258
        
        6.6.1.2 Fire Mitigation 262
        
        6.6.2 Inundation 264
        
        6.6.2.1 Inundation Risk 264
        
        6.6.2.2 Inundation Mitigation 264
        
        6.6.3 Terrorist Attack and Counterattack Strategies 266
        
        6.6.3.1 Terrorist Attack Risk 266
        
        6.6.3.2 Terrorist Attack Mitigation 267
        
        6.7 Case Study: Operation Stage of Shanghai Yangtze River Tunnel 268
        
        6.7.1 Fire Tests 269
        
        6.7.2 Operation Feedback 271
        
        6.8 Questions 271
        
        References 272
        
        Index 275
        
        Back Cover 285

Author's affiliation

Bai Yun: College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University

Planning, Design, Construction and Operation of the Underground Space

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