Integrated Microbial Fuel Cells for Wastewater Treatment

Description

Current wastewater treatment technologies are not sustainable simply due to their high operational costs and process inefficiency. Integrated Microbial Fuel Cells for Wastewater Treatment is intended for professionals who are searching for an innovative method to improve the efficiencies of wastewater treatment processes by exploiting the potential of Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) technology.

The book is broadly divided into four sections. It begins with an overview of the "state of the art" bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) as well as the fundamentals of MFC technology and its potential to enhance wastewater treatment efficiencies and reduce electricity generation cost. In section two, discusses the integration, installation, and optimization of MFC into conventional wastewater treatment processes such as activated sludge process, lagoons, constructed wetlands, and membrane bioreactors. Section three outlines integrations of MFCs into other wastewater processes. The final section provides explorative studies of MFC integrated systems for large scale wastewater treatment and the challenges which are inherent in the upscaling process.

Clearly describes the latest techniques for integrating MFC into traditional wastewater treatment processes such as activated sludge process, lagoons, constructed wetlands, and membrane bioreactors
Discusses the fundamentals of bioelectrochemical systems for degrading the contaminants from the municipal and industrial wastewater
Covers methods for the optimization of integrated systems

Front Cover 2
Integrated Microbial Fuel Cells for Wastewater Treatment 5
Copyright Page 6
Contents 7
List of contributors 13
1 Introduction 17
- 1 Introduction to microbial fuel cells: challenges and opportunities 19
  - 1.1 Introduction 19
  - 1.2 Brief history of microbial fuel cells to bioelectrochemical systems 20
  - 1.3 Principles and challenges of microbial fuel cells 22
  - 1.4 Future of microbial fuel cells 30
  - References 34
  - 1.5 Conclusion 34
  - Acknowledgment 34

Front Cover 2
Integrated Microbial Fuel Cells for Wastewater Treatment 5
Copyright Page 6
Contents 7
List of contributors 13
1 Introduction 17
- 1 Introduction to microbial fuel cells: challenges and opportunities 19
  - 1.1 Introduction 19
  - 1.2 Brief history of microbial fuel cells to bioelectrochemical systems 20
  - 1.3 Principles and challenges of microbial fuel cells 22
  - 1.4 Future of microbial fuel cells 30
  - References 34
  - 1.5 Conclusion 34
  - Acknowledgment 34
- 2 Microbial fuel cell–integrated wastewater treatment systems 45
  - 2.1 Introduction 45
    - 2.1.1 Sediment microbial fuel cells 46
    - 2.1.2 Constructed wetlands-microbial fuel cells 48
    - 2.1.3 MBR-microbial fuel cells 51
    - 2.1.4 Desalination cell-microbial fuel cells 55
    - 2.1.5 Other processes 56
  - 2.2 Conclusion 57
  - References 58
- 2 Application to Industrial Wastewater treatment 63
  - 3 Removal of heavy metals using bioelectrochemical systems 65
    - 3.1 Introduction 65
    - 3.2 Bioelectrochemical systems for heavy metal removal 72
      - 3.2.1 Concept and principle 72
      - 3.2.2 Reduction of heavy metals at the cathode of bioelectrochemical systems 73
    - 3.3 Electrode materials used for heavy metal removal in bioelectrochemical systems 74
    - 3.4 Conventional technologies versus bioelectrochemical systems-based technology for the removal of heavy metals 79
    - 3.5 Conclusion 82
    - References 83
    - Further reading 87
  - 4 Textile wastewater treatment using microbial fuel cell and coupled technology: a green approach for detoxification and bi... 89
    - 4.1 Microbial fuel cell and its application in the treatment 90
      - 4.1.1 Mechanisms involved in dye breakdown 90
      - 4.1.2 Dye removal and current generation in microbial fuel cell 92
      - 4.1.3 Dye removal and total COD removal 93
    - 4.2 Enhancement of microbial fuel cell performance 94
      - 4.2.1 Bioanode-based enhancement of dye treatment 94
      - 4.2.2 Biocathode-based enhancement of dye treatment 95
      - 4.2.3 Membrane-based enhancement of dye treatment 96
      - 4.2.4 Effect of the shuttle on dye removal and electricity generation 97
    - 4.3 Microbial diversity involved in the breakdown of dye in microbial fuel cell 97
    - 4.4 Toxicity of treated dye wastewater 98
    - 4.5 Microbial fuel cell–coupled techniques for textile wastewater treatment 99
      - 4.5.1 Microbial fuel cell–integrated constructed wetlands 99
      - 4.5.2 Microbial fuel cell couple aerobic biocontact oxidation reactor system 100
      - 4.5.3 Bioelectro-Fenton technology-microbial fuel cell 101
      - 4.5.4 Electrolysis cell combined with a microbial fuel cell (MFC-MEC) 101
    - 4.6 Research gap 102
    - References 103
    - Acknowledgments 103
    - Further reading 107
  - 5 Agro-industrial wastewater treatment in microbial fuel cells 109
    - 5.1 Introduction 109
    - 5.2 Use of agro-industrial wastewater as substrate for microbial fuel cells 111
    - 5.3 Dairy industry wastewater 112
    - 5.4 Brewery and winery industry 117
      - 5.4.1 Brewery wastewater 117
      - 5.4.2 Winery wastewater 118
    - 5.5 Agro-industrial wastewaters and by-products 123
      - 5.5.1 Palm oil industry wastewater 123
      - 5.5.2 Agricultural products processing wastewater 125
      - 5.5.3 Agricultural residues 129
    - 5.6 Livestock industry wastewater 133
    - 5.7 Challenges in using microbial fuel cells 136
    - References 139
    - 5.8 Conclusion 139
  - 6 Pharmaceutical wastewater treatment in microbial fuel cell 151
    - 6.1 Introduction 151
    - 6.2 Application to pharmaceutical wastewater treatment 154
    - 6.3 Integration of microbial fuel cell with other wastewater-treatment processes 162
    - 6.4 Large-scale microbial fuel cell: potentials and challenges 163
    - References 164
  - 7 Oil and petrochemical industries wastewater treatment in bioelectrochemical systems 173
    - 7.1 Introduction 173
    - 7.2 Oil field and petrochemical wastewater treatment in the conventional treatment process 174
    - 7.3 Oil field and petrochemical wastewater treatment in the bioelectrochemical system 180
    - 7.4 Conclusion 184
    - References 185
    - Further reading 189
  - 8 Bioelectrochemical systems for stormwater treatment and energy valorization processes 191
    - 8.1 Introduction 191
      - 8.1.1 Urban stormwater 193
    - 8.2 Energy recovery and stormwater treatment efficiency with bioelectrochemical systems 195
      - 8.2.1 Influencing factors for bioelectrochemical system 195
        
        8.2.1.1 pH 196
        
        8.2.1.2 Temperature 197
        
        8.2.1.3 Electroconductivity 197
        
        8.2.1.4 Kinetics and thermodynamics 198
        
        8.2.1.5 Electron transfer mechanism 198
        
        8.2.1.6 Electrodes and applied potential 199
        
        8.2.1.7 Membranes 199
      - 8.3 Economic and environmental considerations 201
        
        8.3.1 Environmental economics 201
        
        8.3.2 Environmental impact and life cycle analysis 202
      - 8.4 Technical scales of bioelectrochemical systems 203
      - 8.5 Outlook, challenges, and future perspectives 205
      - 8.6 Conclusion 207
      - References 208
      - Further reading 213
    - 9 Treatment of food processing and beverage industry wastewaters in microbial fuel cells 215
      - 9.1 Introduction 215
      - 9.2 Food-based wastes and wastewater as a substrate for microbial fuel cell 216
      - 9.3 Beer brewery wastewater wastes and wastewater as a substrate for microbial fuel cell 218
      - 9.4 Conclusion 219
      - References 222
      - Further reading 226
    - 3 Integration of MFC with other wastewater treatment processes 227
      - 10 Microbial fuel cell coupled with microalgae cultivation for wastewater treatment and energy recovery 229
        
        10.1 Introduction 229
        
        10.1.1 Microbial fuel cells 229
        
        10.1.2 Microalgae cultivation 230
        
        10.2 Microbial fuel cell and microalgae cultivation–based integrated systems 231
        
        10.2.1 Microbial fuel cells coupled with the algal photobioreactors 231
        
        10.2.2 Microbial fuel cells with the algal biocathodes 234
        
        10.3 Factors influencing the performance of integrated microbial fuel cell and microalgae cultivation systems 237
        
        10.3.1 Light intensity 237
        
        10.3.2 Carbon dioxide 238
        
        10.3.3 pH 238
        
        10.3.4 Dissolved oxygen 239
        
        10.4 Conclusion 239
        
        Acknowledgment 239
        
        References 240
      - 11 Integration of bioelectrochemical systems with other existing wastewater treatment processes 245
        
        11.1 Introduction 245
        
        11.2 Integration of bioelectrochemical system with electro-Fenton process 248
        
        11.3 Integration of bioelectrochemical system with aerobic processes 251
        
        11.4 Integration of microbial fuel cell with anaerobic digestion 256
        
        11.5 Microbial fuel cell integration with septic tank 257
        
        11.7 Microbial fuel cell integration with microalgae 258
        
        11.6 Microbial fuel cell integration with dark fermentation 258
        
        11.8 Novel integration of other processes with microbial fuel cells 259
        
        11.9 Way forward 260
        
        References 261
      - 12 An overview of membrane bioreactor coupled bioelectrochemical systems 265
        
        12.1 Introduction 265
        
        12.1.1 Wastewater and its sources 265
        
        12.1.2 Conventional wastewater treatment practices and lacunas 266
        
        12.2 Bioelectrochemical systems 267
        
        12.2.1 Evolution tree of bioelectrochemical systems 267
        
        12.2.2 Major forms of bioelectrochemical systems 268
        
        12.3 Membrane bioreactor 268
        
        12.4 Hybrid bioelectrochemical system–membrane bioreactor systems: principle, treatment efficiency, and performance index 270
        
        12.4.1 Integrated bioelectrochemical system–membrane bioreactor systems 271
        
        12.4.1.1 The membrane as cathode-cum-filtration unit 271
        
        12.4.1.2 The membrane as anode-cum-filtration unit 274
        
        12.4.1.3 The membrane as separator-cum-filtration unit 275
        
        12.4.2 Combined bioelectrochemical system–membrane bioreactor system 275
        
        12.4.2.2 Membrane bioreactor as post-treatment unit 276
        
        12.4.2.1 Membrane bioreactor as pretreatment unit 276
        
        12.5 Outlook and future perspectives 278
        
        12.5.2 Membrane fouling mitigation 278
        
        12.5.3 Control of emerging contaminants 278
        
        12.5.1 Water-energy nexus 278
        
        12.5.4 Field-scale applications 283
        
        12.6 Conclusion 283
        
        Acknowledgment 283
        
        References 284
        
        13 Integration of microbial fuel cell into constructed wetlands: effects, applications, and future outlook 289
        
        13.1 Introduction 289
        
        13.1.1 Probable electron transfer mechanism in constructed wetlands-microbial fuel cell 291
        
        13.1.2 Basic characteristic of constructed wetlands and their similarity with microbial fuel cell 292
        
        13.2 Development of merger technology 294
        
        13.2.1 Design and operation of constructed wetland-microbial fuel cells 295
        
        13.2.2 Performance assessment of constructed wetland-microbial fuel cells 297
        
        13.3 Challenges and future perspectives 303
        
        Acknowledgment 304
        
        References 304
        
        14 Microbial fuel cell coupled with anaerobic treatment processes for wastewater treatment 311
        
        14.1 Introduction 311
        
        14.2 Integration of microbial fuel cell in anaerobic digestion 313
        
        14.3 Microbial fuel cell coupling to treat undigested organics in the effluents of anaerobic digestion 315
        
        14.4 Microbial fuel cells coupled anaerobic digestion for nutrient recovery and toxicity removal 319
        
        14.5 Microbial fuel cell coupling in anaerobic digestion as a biosensor for process inhibitors 320
        
        14.6 Outlook 321
        
        References 322
        
        15 Integration of microbial electrolysis cells with anaerobic digestion to treat beer industry wastewater 329
        
        15.1 Introduction 329
        
        15.1.1 History of beer 329
        
        15.1.2 Brewing process and wastewater 330
        
        15.1.3 Brewery waste and beer wastewater treatment 331
        
        15.1.3.1 Physical treatment 332
        
        15.1.3.2 Chemical treatment processes 332
        
        15.1.3.3 Biological treatment methods 332
        
        15.1.4 Bioelectrochemical systems for beer wastewater treatment 333
        
        15.1.6 Hydrogen production in anaerobic reactors with beer wastewater 334
        
        15.1.5 Anaerobic digestion of beer wastewater treatment 334
        
        15.2 Integrated microbial electrolysis–anaerobic digestion for beer wastewater treatment 335
        
        15.2.1 Background 336
        
        15.2.1.1 China-Global beer hub 336
        
        15.2.1.2 Significance and application prospects of the reactor 336
        
        15.2.1.3 Unique advantages of microbial electrolysis–anaerobic digestion reactor over conventional technologies 336
        
        15.2.1.3.1 A complete treatment of a wide range of wastewaters 336
        
        15.2.1.3.3 Maintenance of reactor stability 337
        
        15.2.1.3.4 Hydrogen production increases the speed of methane production 337
        
        15.2.1.3.2 Inexpensive upgrading process 337
        
        15.2.1.4 Working principle of the reactor 337
        
        15.2.2 An experience of scaling up of the novel microbial electrolysis–anaerobic digestion reactor 338
        
        15.2.2.1 Determination of the appropriate cathode electrode material 339
        
        15.2.2.1.2 Sampling and electrochemical analyses 339
        
        15.2.2.1.1 Reactor construction and operation 339
        
        15.2.2.1.3 Outcomes and substantiations 340
        
        15.2.2.2 Estimation of electrode positions and hydraulic retention time 343
        
        15.2.2.2.1 Reactor construction and operation 343
        
        15.2.2.2.2 Electrochemical analyses 343
        
        15.2.2.2.3 Outcomes and substantiations 344
        
        15.2.2.3 Estimation of cathode/anode ratio 352
        
        15.2.2.3.1 Reactor construction and operation 352
        
        15.2.2.3.2 Electrochemical analysis 353
        
        15.2.2.3.3 Performance 354
        
        15.2.3 Overall summary of the experience 357
        
        15.2.3.1 Cathode selection 357
        
        15.2.3.2 Electrode positions and hydraulic retention time study 357
        
        15.2.3.3 Cathode/anode ratio study 358
        
        Acknowledgments 358
        
        References 358
        
        4 Large-scale MFC: potentials and challenges 363
        
        16 Recent advancements in scaling up microbial fuel cells 365
        
        16.1 Introduction 365
        
        16.2 Microbial fuel cell designs used in scale-up studies 366
        
        16.2.2 Pilot-scale tests 368
        
        16.2.1 Larger laboratory reactors 368
        
        16.3 Engineering parameters affecting scale-up 371
        
        16.3.1 Reactor configuration 371
        
        16.3.4 Tubing and compartments 372
        
        16.3.2 Internal currents 372
        
        16.3.3 Membranes 372
        
        16.4 Design limitations determined by wastewater application 373
        
        16.4.1 Effect of buffer capacity 373
        
        16.4.2 Influence of membrane separator 374
        
        16.4.3 Design limitations determined by scale-up 375
        
        16.4.3.1 Scale-up and voltage loss 375
        
        16.4.3.2 Hydrodynamics and mechanics 376
        
        16.5 Overcoming design constraints 376
        
        16.6 Life cycle assessment 378
        
        16.7 Current challenges and potential opportunities 379
        
        References 380
        
        16.8 Conclusion 380
        
        Index 385
        
        Back Cover 393

Author's affiliation

Rouzbeh Abbassi: School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Asheesh Kumar Yadav: Environment and Sustainability Department, CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
Vikram Garaniya: Australian Maritime College, College of Sciences and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia

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