Recent Research in Nutrition and Growth

Description

As nutrition and development are closely intertwined in early childhood, this book brings together scientists, nutritionists, and psychologists to present a multidisciplinary approach. The first part examines how the biological systems of the body may contribute to healthy growth, looking at bones, muscles, and fat tissues and the optimal nutrition required for dynamic function. The second section contains updates on the latest research on dietary interventions in the areas of growth and body composition, looking at both obesity and stunting worldwide. The final part focuses on neurocognitive development in infancy and early childhood and the role of nutrients in supporting brain growth and function. Highlighting key areas of recent research and potential new fields to explore, this book is of interest for scientists, nutritionists, and psychologists alike.

Cover 2
Front Matter 5
Contents 7
Preface 9
Foreword 12
Contributors 15
A Systems Perspective on Growth 19
- Implications of Growth as a Time-Specific Event 19
  - Abstract 19
  - Introduction 19
  - Size versus Growth 20
  - Clarifying Growth Biology: How Individuals Grow 21
  - The Nature of Time-Specific Growth Saltations 22
  - Biology of Saltation and Stasis 23
  - Timing and Resources 26

Cover 2
Front Matter 5
Contents 7
Preface 9
Foreword 12
Contributors 15
A Systems Perspective on Growth 19
- Implications of Growth as a Time-Specific Event 19
  - Abstract 19
  - Introduction 19
  - Size versus Growth 20
  - Clarifying Growth Biology: How Individuals Grow 21
  - The Nature of Time-Specific Growth Saltations 22
  - Biology of Saltation and Stasis 23
  - Timing and Resources 26
  - Multiple Tissues and Currencies: Cellular Timing and Body Composition 27
  - Growth of the Body Is in the Cells 28
  - Disclosure Statement 28
  - References 28
- Elongation of the Long Bones in Humans by the Growth Plates 31
  - Introduction 31
  - Abstract 31
  - Structure 33
  - Mechanisms of Longitudinal Bone Growth 35
  - Regulation 37
  - Pathology 39
  - References 40
  - Disclosure Statement 40
- Critical Windows for the Programming Effects of Early-Life Nutrition on Skeletal Muscle Mass 43
  - Abstract 43
  - Introduction 43
  - Skeletal Muscle Development 44
  - Delineation of Developmental Windows in Muscle Development 45
  - Mechanisms Driving Perinatal Muscle Hypertrophy 47
  - Effect of Developmental Age on the Capacity to Recuperate Muscle Mass 49
  - Regulation of the Perinatal Window Aperture 51
  - Translational Considerations 51
  - Acknowledgments 52
  - Disclosure Statement 52
  - References 52
- Fat Tissue Growth and Development in Humans 55
  - Abstract 55
  - Introduction 55
  - Fat Cell Turnover 56
  - Turnover of Fat Cell Lipids 59
  - Influence of Gender on the Turnover of Fat Cells and Their Lipids 60
  - Conclusions 61
  - Disclosure Statement 62
  - References 62
  - Acknowledgments 62
- Osteoblast Bioenergetics and Global Energy Homeostasis 65
  - Abstract 65
  - Introduction 65
  - Osteoblast Development and Bone Formation 66
  - Osteoblasts as an Endocrine Regulator of Global Metabolism: Leptin, Insulin, and Osteocalcin 67
  - Osteoblast Fuel Requirements and Bioenergetics 68
  - Are Osteoblasts Citrate-Producing Cells? 70
  - References 71
  - Conclusion 71
  - Disclosure Statement 71
- A Systems Perspective on Growth 73
  - Summary on a Systems Perspective onGrowth 73
- Dietary Modulation of Growth and Body Composition 81
  - Breastfeeding, Breast Milk Composition, and Growth Outcomes 81
    - Abstract 81
    - Introduction 81
    - Methodological Issues: Randomization, Reverse Causality, and Residual Confounding 82
    - Breastfeeding and Growth during Infancy 83
    - Effects of Breastfeeding on Growth Later in Childhood 86
    - Breast Milk Composition and Growth 88
    - Breast Milk Macronutrient Composition and Infant Growth 88
    - Breast Milk Hormones and Infant Growth 90
    - Breast Milk Cytokines and Infant Growth 91
    - Methodological Considerations and Determinants of Breast Milk Composition 91
    - Disclosure Statement 92
    - Conclusion 92
    - References 93
  - Metabolic Regulation of Pre- and Postnatal Growth 97
    - Abstract 97
    - Introduction 98
    - Intrauterine Metabolic Modulation of Growth 99
    - Metabolic Response to Infant Protein Supply and Impact on Growth and Obesity Development 102
    - Disclosure Statement 107
    - References 107
    - Acknowledgments 107
  - Complementary Feeding, Infant Growth, and Obesity Risk: Timing, Composition, and Mode of Feeding 111
    - Abstract 111
    - EU Childhood Obesity Project: Methodological Background Information 112
    - Introduction 112
    - Timing of Solid Food Introduction and Risk for Obesity 114
    - Quality and Quantity of Complementary Foods and Obesity Risk 115
    - Energy-Providing Liquids and Obesity Risk 116
    - Feeding Mode 117
    - Conclusion 118
    - References 119
    - Acknowledgments 119
    - Disclosure Statement 119
  - Causes of Stunting and Preventive Dietary Interventions in Pregnancy and Early Childhood 123
    - Abstract 123
    - Introduction 124
    - Prenatal Origins of Stunting and Maternal Nutritional Interventions 124
    - Nutritional Causes of Stunting in Early Childhood and Dietary Interventions 126
    - Infections in Childhood Contribute to Stunting 128
    - Disclosure Statement 129
    - References 129
    - Conclusions 129
  - Micronutrients and Child Growth: Current Evidence and Progress 133
    - Abstract 133
    - Introduction 133
    - Definitions 135
    - Preconception and Prenatal Micronutrient Interventions 135
    - Infant and Child Micronutrient Interventions 140
    - Delivery Platforms to Address Micronutrient Deficiencies 141
    - Way Forward 142
    - References 143
    - Disclosure Statement 143
  - Summary on Dietary Modulation of Growth and Body Composition 145
- Nutrition, Brain Function, and Cognitive Development 149
  - A Nutritionist’s Perspective on Behavioral Assessment 149
    - Introduction 149
    - Abstract 149
    - Concerns with Our Current Approach to Evaluating Quality of Evidence 150
    - Expectations for Trials of Nutrition and Behavioral Assessment 152
    - Unique Issues of Nutrition Interventions with Behavioral Assessment 153
    - Potential Consequences of Concluding “No Effect” in Error 154
    - Interdisciplinary Teams and Roles 155
    - Roles for Industry 156
    - Roles for Government Agencies Involved in Funding and Regulation 157
    - Roles for Journals 158
    - Threats 158
    - Summary and Conclusion 158
    - Disclosure Statement 159
    - References 160
  - Assessing Neurocognitive Development in Studies of Nutrition 161
    - Abstract 161
    - Introduction 161
    - Global and Modular Cognition: Underlying Models 163
    - Developmental Implications 165
    - References 171
    - Disclosure Statement 171
  - Neuroimaging of the Developing Brain and Impact of Nutrition 173
    - Abstract 173
    - Introduction 173
    - Methods 176
    - Results 179
    - Conclusions 186
    - Disclosure Statement 187
    - References 187
    - Acknowledgments 187
  - Effects of Nutrition on the Development of Higher-Order Cognition 193
    - Abstract 193
    - Introduction 193
    - Docosahexaenoic Acid in Infant Diet and Early Language and Communication Development 194
    - Maternal Docosahexaenoic Acid in Pregnancy 194
    - Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Postnatal Diet and Infant Executive Functions 196
    - Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Postnatal Diet and Childhood Executive Functions 198
    - Disclosure Statement 200
    - Conclusions 200
    - References 201
  - Impact of Nutrition on Growth, Brain, and Cognition 203
    - Abstract 203
    - Introduction 203
    - Early Growth 204
    - Early Brain Development 206
    - Long-Term Effects of Early Nutrition on Childhood Cognition 208
    - Strategies to Promote Early Growth and Cognition 210
    - Disclosure Statement 212
    - References 212
  - Summary on Nutrition, Brain Function, and Cognitive Development 215
- Subject Index 219
- Cover 223

89th Nestlé Nutrition Institute Workshop, Dubai, March 2017

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