Intermodal Maritime Security

Description

Intermodal Maritime Security: Supply Chain Risk Mitigation offers every stakeholder involved in international transactions the tools needed to assess the essential risks, threats and vulnerabilities within the global supply chain. The book examines the role intermodal maritime transportation plays in global security, surveying its critical policies, procedures, operations, infrastructure and systems. Linking new technological standards with intermodal operations, this book provides the foundational knowledge readers need, including transportation and maritime trade students, researchers, practitioners and regulatory agencies.

Blends academic knowledge with real-world experiences
Drawn from subject matter experts in academia, importers and exporters, transportation firms, and trade intermediaries
Breadth of multidisciplinary coverage from maritime supply chains, port and maritime operations, as well as cyber and physical security

Front Cover 2
Intermodal Maritime Security 3
Intermodal Maritime Security 5
Copyright 6
Contents 7
Contributors 15
Combined Cameo Bios 17
- Editors 17
- Contributing authors (in chapter order) 18
Foreword 23
Preface 25
Acknowledgments 27
I - Introduction 29
- 1 - 9/11, Maritime Transportation Security Act (MTSA), and how we got to where we are? 31
  - Maritime trade and the Supply Chain Operations Reference model 33

Front Cover 2
Intermodal Maritime Security 3
Intermodal Maritime Security 5
Copyright 6
Contents 7
Contributors 15
Combined Cameo Bios 17
- Editors 17
- Contributing authors (in chapter order) 18
Foreword 23
Preface 25
Acknowledgments 27
I - Introduction 29
- 1 - 9/11, Maritime Transportation Security Act (MTSA), and how we got to where we are? 31
  - Maritime trade and the Supply Chain Operations Reference model 33
  - Components of international maritime trade 34
  - Supporting implementation plans of the NSMS 40
    - Maritime Domain Awareness 40
    - Global Maritime Intelligence Integration Plan 41
    - International outreach and coordination strategy 42
    - Maritime Operational Threat Response Plan 42
    - Maritime Transportation System Security Plan 43
    - Maritime Infrastructure Recovery Plan 43
    - Maritime Commerce Security Plan 44
    - Domestic Outreach Plan 45
  - Summary 45
  - Appendix A: Title I—Maritime Transportation Security, Section 101: findings 46
  - References 48
- II - Overview of intermodal maritime operations 51
  - 2 - Intermodalism history, advantages, and disadvantages 53
    - Intermodalism: maritime and rail 53
    - Intermodalism: maritime and truck 54
    - Advantages to containerization 55
      - Fleet size 55
      - Reduced inventory carrying costs 56
      - Cargo stowage 56
      - Reduced cargo loss and damage 57
    - Disadvantages of containerization 58
      - Port infrastructure 59
    - Container security 61
    - Needs of the small shipper and consignee 62
    - Shifts over time 63
    - Other developments 64
    - Summary 65
    - References 65
    - Further reading 65
  - 3 - Water and landside components 67
    - Physical service providers 68
    - Information service providers 69
    - Suppliers of goods 70
    - Infrastructure-related 70
    - Historical perspective 71
    - Port operations and opportunities for security breach 76
    - Evolution of port infrastructure 77
    - Information-related 77
    - Significance to supply chains 78
    - References 81
    - Further reading 81
  - 4 - Other transportation modes 83
    - Domestic ports 87
    - International ports 88
    - Risk to rail and trucking to ports 90
      - Risk 90
      - Threats 90
      - Vulnerabilities 92
      - Consequences 93
    - Addressing the Risk 94
    - References 95
  - III - The nature of intermodal maritime security risk 97
    - 5 - Nature of the intermodal maritime security risk? 99
      - A dramatic shift in global trade 103
      - Rough seas on the North Atlantic 109
      - Port-to-port (pier-to-pier) 110
      - Door-to-port/port-to-door 110
      - References 111
      - Door-to-door (house-to-house) 111
    - 6 - Components of intermodal maritime security risk 113
      - The container: it is just a big box, right? 113
      - Seals: keeping the goods inside and intruders out 116
        
        Inbound shipments 120
        
        Thinking about your supply chain: important considerations 120
        
        Outbound shipments 120
      - Some final words of advice to shippers 125
      - Appendix A: directory for standards associations for seals 126
      - Appendix B: glossary of terms regarding seals 126
      - References 127
    - 7 - Threats from terrorists and other violent nonstate actors 129
      - Maritime terrorism: a brief overview 130
        
        Terrorist threats to intermodal maritime security 134
        
        The Trojan Horse Scenario 136
        
        Other dimensions of the terrorist threat to maritime security 141
        
        Intermodal maritime security threats from nonideologically oriented criminals 142
        
        The primacy of piracy 144
        
        Attacking intermodal maritime targets: motivations and challenges 149
        
        Future projections of threat 150
        
        References 152
      - 8 - Physical and technological considerations 157
        
        Physical security measures 157
        
        Access control 159
        
        Lighting 163
        
        Intrusion detection 164
        
        Infrastructure protection and hardening 168
        
        Technological security measures 171
        
        Summary 175
        
        References 176
      - 9 - Vulnerabilities, gaps, and the future of physical and technological security measures 179
        
        Vulnerabilities and gaps in security measures 179
        
        Future of physical and technological security measures 184
        
        Access control 185
        
        Lighting 186
        
        Intrusion detection 188
        
        Infrastructure protection and hardening 190
        
        Technological security measures 192
        
        Summary 193
        
        Appendix A: University, government agency, and industry research organizations 194
        
        References 195
      - 10 - Information security and cyber threats and vulnerabilities 197
        
        Information security introduction 197
        
        Basic principles 198
        
        Key concepts 198
        
        Confidentiality 199
        
        Integrity 199
        
        Availability 199
        
        Nonrepudiation 200
        
        Security controls 200
        
        Logical controls 201
        
        Physical controls 201
        
        Administrative controls 201
        
        Defense in depth 202
        
        Security classification for information 202
        
        Access control 203
        
        Identification 204
        
        Authentication 204
        
        Authorization 204
        
        Auditing concepts 206
        
        Job rotation 206
        
        Risk management 206
        
        Separation of duties 206
        
        Transportation-related cybersecurity 207
        
        Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002 208
        
        Cargo Systems Messaging Service 209
        
        U.S. Coast Guard/TSA Transportation Worker Identification Credential 209
        
        Automated Commercial Environment 209
        
        U.S. Customs and Border Protections programs 209
        
        Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism 210
        
        Container security initiative 211
        
        Intra-shipment and post-shipment controls 212
        
        Supervisory control and data acquisition processes 212
        
        U.S. Coast Guard's Automatic Identification System 213
        
        CBP vehicle and cargo inspection system 213
        
        Radiation portals at ports 214
        
        Port security and surveillance systems 215
        
        Vulnerabilities 215
        
        Summary 219
        
        References 220
        
        IV - Security measures and public policy 223
        
        11 - Multilateral trading partner policies 225
        
        Why the focus on intermodal transportation? 225
        
        Taxonomy of intermodal threats 226
        
        Immediate post-world war II 226
        
        Developed nations expand global oversight 229
        
        Australia group 229
        
        Wassenaar arrangement 230
        
        The post-9/11 era 232
        
        National Maritime Intelligence-Integration Office 234
        
        Customs-trade partnership against terrorism 234
        
        Container security initiative 235
        
        Authorized economic operator credential 235
        
        The proliferation security initiative 236
        
        Multilayered defenses still leave gaps 237
        
        Appendix A: Wassenaar checklist for international sellers 238
        
        Your product 238
        
        End user and end use 239
        
        Shipment 239
        
        Finance and contract conditions 240
        
        Appendix B: Wassenaar checklist for transit and transshipment 240
        
        References 241
        
        12 - Intermodal transport security—the Israeli perspective 243
        
        Introduction 243
        
        The vital role of ports and shipping of Israel 244
        
        Part I - Overview of maritime security 243
        
        Israel's ports 245
        
        Threats to maritime transport to and from Israel 247
        
        Maritime transport—a vector for smuggling of military hardware 249
        
        Smuggling of military hardware 250
        
        Containers as a direct vector for terrorist attack 251
        
        Dual-purpose materials 251
        
        Smuggling illicit goods and drugs to sponsor terror activities 251
        
        Thwarting threats to freedom of navigation—Israeli national doctrine 252
        
        How are these goals achievable? 252
        
        Securing Israeli commercial ports 253
        
        Part II—implementation of security 253
        
        Introduction 253
        
        Conclusion 253
        
        Israel's security model 254
        
        The maritime arena 255
        
        The Israeli Navy 256
        
        Freedom of navigation—the Israeli perspective 256
        
        Intermodal transport 257
        
        Summary 260
        
        Acknowledgments 261
        
        References 261
        
        V - Risk mitigation approach 263
        
        13 - Loading at a foreign port 265
        
        Illustrative case: Ready-Tech, Inc. 265
        
        Three shipments and their particulars 266
        
        Specific logistics arrangements 267
        
        Information flows at port of loading 268
        
        The Endau purchase 269
        
        The Ng industrial order 270
        
        The golf shirts scenario 271
        
        Comparing the processes: maintaining the flow of commerce and protecting supply chains 272
        
        Manifests: types and uses 273
        
        Physical flows 273
        
        U.S. customs presence 274
        
        Information and documentation 274
        
        Physical and technological security measures 275
        
        Cyber issues 278
        
        Physical, technological, and cyber impacts on risk 279
        
        Port of Singapore 279
        
        Port of Vung Tau 280
        
        Port Muhammad Bin Qasim 281
        
        How does this tie together? 282
        
        Appendix A 283
        
        References 285
        
        14 - In-transit threats and risk management 287
        
        Threats and consequences 288
        
        Piracy and armed robbery 288
        
        Terrorism 290
        
        Cyberattack 291
        
        Introduction 288
        
        Risk management strategies 293
        
        Risk-based decision-making 293
        
        Conventions, codes, and regulations 294
        
        Governmental initiatives, policies, and guidance 296
        
        Industry guidelines 297
        
        Training, drills, and exercises 298
        
        Vessel security assessments and vessel security plans 299
        
        Voyage planning 301
        
        Military and paramilitary intervention 303
        
        Rerouting and risk avoidance 303
        
        Security systems and equipment 305
        
        References 307
        
        Conclusion 307
        
        15 - At US ports 309
        
        Ports illustrated 309
        
        Comparisons reveal contrasts 309
        
        Common carriage 311
        
        Roadblocks at ports 312
        
        Preparedness is paramount 314
        
        Opportunities abound 317
        
        The bottom line 320
        
        References 320
        
        16 - Routing analysis, risk, and resiliency 323
        
        Introduction 323
        
        General discussion of risk assessment models 324
        
        Transportation risk assessment models 327
        
        Maritime risk assessment models 328
        
        Maritime CARVER framework 331
        
        How does this benefit the industry? 338
        
        Where do we go from here? 339
        
        References 340
        
        VI - The way forward: Recommendations 343
        
        17 - Systems considerations for Intermodal Maritime Security operations 345
        
        System definitions and key concepts 346
        
        Maritime domain awareness using systems thinking 347
        
        Considerations for the intermodal Maritime Security System 350
        
        Summary 357
        
        References 357
        
        18 - Public policy and security partnerships 359
        
        Stemming the tide of drug smuggling 360
        
        Terrorism and changing international trade forever 362
        
        Partnerships to the fore 365
        
        The public–private partnership 366
        
        Internationalization of trade partnerships 367
        
        Summary 370
        
        References 371
        
        Further reading 372
        
        19 - Intermodal maritime security: where do we go from here? 373
        
        A high level overview of intermodal maritime security 375
        
        Thinking about the threats 376
        
        Physical flows 376
        
        Trading between related companies 377
        
        Information flows 377
        
        Security measures taxonomy 378
        
        Manual versus automated international trade documentation 380
        
        Technological and cyber threats that impact all aspects of the supply chain 381
        
        Cargo systems 381
        
        Vessel systems 381
        
        Government trade regulation 382
        
        Importers, exporters, and trade intermediaries 382
        
        Where do we go from here? 382
        
        Near-sourcing and crossborder shipments 383
        
        Resilience of supply chains 383
        
        Distributed decision-making, often done in a vacuum 384
        
        Where research can benefit intermodal maritime security? 384
        
        Systems theory 385
        
        Appendix A—security measures taxonomy assessment 386
        
        Domestic and international procedural processes 386
        
        Reference 388
        
        List of additional readings 389
        
        Bibliography 389

Supply Chain Risk Mitigation

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