Patterns of Emotions

Description

Patterns of Emotions: A New Analysis of Anxiety and Depression provides a theoretical and empirical analysis of anxiety and depression phenomena experienced in some degree by everyone and in crippling intensity by many. This book is a sequel to The Face of Emotion (Izard, 1971), which presented a general conceptual framework for the study of the personality, a theory of the emotions, and evidence for the universality of the fundamental emotions of interest, joy, surprise, distress, anger, disgust, contempt, shame, and fear.
The book defines the problems of anxiety and depression, in the framework of differential emotion theory, as combinations or patterns of interacting fundamental emotions and bodily feelings. The differential emotion theory of anxiety and depression is compared with psychoanalytic theory, cognitive theory, and biogenetic theory. A number of studies are presented which support the differential emotion analysis of anxiety and depression. The book also presents studies of various life situations in which a particular fundamental emotion is dominant. What has been found repeatedly is that, in each such situation, the dominant emotion occurs in a pattern of dynamically related fundamental emotions. The patterns for a variety of commonly experienced and universal emotion situations are presented and discussed.

Front Cover 2
Patterns of Emotions: A New Analysis of Anxiety and Depression 5
Copyright Page 6
Table of Contents 7
Preface 11
Acknowledgments 13
CHAPTER ONE. The Emotions and Their Neurophysiological Substrates 15
- I. A WAY OF CONCEPTUALIZING THE EMOTIONS 15
- II. NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CONSIDERATIONS 18
- III. SUMMARY 37
CHAPTER TWO. The Neurophysiology and Biochemistry of Fear and Anxiety 41
- I. NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS 43
- II. BIOCHEMICAL CONSIDERATIONS 51
- III. SUMMARY 54
CHAPTER THREE. Anxiety as a Variable Combination of Interacting Fundamental Emotions 57

Front Cover 2
Patterns of Emotions: A New Analysis of Anxiety and Depression 5
Copyright Page 6
Table of Contents 7
Preface 11
Acknowledgments 13
CHAPTER ONE. The Emotions and Their Neurophysiological Substrates 15
- I. A WAY OF CONCEPTUALIZING THE EMOTIONS 15
- II. NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CONSIDERATIONS 18
- III. SUMMARY 37
CHAPTER TWO. The Neurophysiology and Biochemistry of Fear and Anxiety 41
- I. NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS 43
- II. BIOCHEMICAL CONSIDERATIONS 51
- III. SUMMARY 54
CHAPTER THREE. Anxiety as a Variable Combination of Interacting Fundamental Emotions 57
- I. INTRODUCTION 57
- II. A CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS OF ANXIETY 61
- III. SUMMARY 72
CHAPTER FOUR. Differential Emotion Theory in Relation to Classical Psychoanalytic and Cognitive Theories of Emotion and Anxiety 75
- I. THE CLASSICAL PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY OF ANXIETY 75
- II. EMOTION AND BEHAVIOR AS A RESULT OF COGNITION 81
- III. EMOTION AS RESPONSE OR RESPONSE SYNDROME 85
- IV. EMOTION RESPONSE SYNDROME VERSUS INTRAPERSON EMOTION SYSTEM 87
- V. ANXIETY AS ANTICIPATORY REACTION OR AROUSAL 89
- VI. ANXIETY AS A CONCEPT THAT INCLUDES FEAR, SHAME, AND GUILT 92
- VII. SUMMARY 93
CHAPTER FIVE. An Empirical Analysis of Anxiety in Terms of Discrete Emotions 97
- I. INTRODUCTION 97
- II. THE DIFFERENTIAL EMOTION SCALE 99
- III. COMBINING THE DES AND AN ANXIETY SCALE 105
- IV. DES+A AS A TOOL FOR ANALYZING THE EXPERIENCE OF ANXIETY 106
- V. DES+A APPLIED TO THE EMOTIONS THAT CONSTITUTE ANXIETY 110
- VI. PATTERNS OF EMOTIONS 117
- VII. PATTERNING OF EMOTIONS AS REPRESENTED BY THE EMPIRICAL FACTORS 118
- VIII. CAN ANXIETY BE CONSIDERED A SECOND-ORDER FACTOR? 122
- IX. RELATIONSHIPS AMONG FREE-RESPONSE DESCRIPTIONS OF THE ANXIETY SITUATION AND THE DISCRETE EMOTION SITUATIONS 125
- X. PATTERNING OF EMOTIONS AS REPRESENTED BY THE A PRIORI SCALES 126
- XI. PATTERNS OF EMOTIONS IN A HIGHLY THREATENING REAL-LIFE SITUATION 137
- XII. SUMMARY 140
CHAPTER SIX. A Dimensional and Discrete Emotions Investigation of the Subjective Experience of Emotion 143
- I. INTRODUCTION 143
- II. BASIC DIMENSIONS OF EMOTION 145
- III. METHOD 153
- IV. PROCEDURE 154
- V. RESULTS 155
- VI. DISCUSSION 173
- VII. COMPARISON OF DRS AND DES IN THE ASSESSMENT OF THE ANXIETY EXPERIENCE 179
- VIII. RELATIONSHIP OF DIMENSIONAL AND DISCRETE EMOTION APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCE 184
- IX. SUMMARY 186
CHAPTER SEVEN. Neurophysiologica! and Biochemical Factors in Depression 189
- I. NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS 190
- II. BIOCHEMICAL CONSIDERATIONS 192
- III. THE NEED FOR A NEW CONCEPT OF DEPRESSION 204
- IV. SUMMARY 205
CHAPTER EIGHT. Psychoanalytic Theories of Depression 209
- I. INTRODUCTION 209
- II. THE ORIGINAL PSYCHOANALYTIC MODEL OF DEPRESSION 210
- III. FREUD'S VIEW OF DEPRESSION 212
- IV. NARCISSISTIC LOSS AND FIXATION 215
- V. DEPENDENCY, EMPTINESS, AND SHAME 215
- VI. LOSS OF SELF-ESTEEM AND EGO CONFLICTS 216
- VII. DEPRESSION INDEPENDENT OF LOSS 219
- VIII. DEPRESSION AND THE DISRUPTION OF SENSORY AND PERCEPTUAL FUNCTIONS 219
- IX. A PSYCHOANALYTIC VIEW INVOLVING DISCRETE EMOTIONS AND EMOTION DYNAMICS 220
- X. EMPIRICAL STUDIES OF PSYCHOANALYTIC CONCEPTS 221
- XI. SUMMARY 225
CHAPTER NINE. Biogenetic, Sociocultural, and Cognitive Factors in Depression 229
- I. A BIOGENETIC THEORY OF DEPRESSION 229
- II. SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS IN DEPRESSION 234
- III. COGNITIVE FACTORS AND A DETAILED COGNITIVE THEORY 237
- IV. THE SYMPTOMATOLOGY AND PHENOMENOLOGY OF DEPRESSION 242
- V. SOME PERSONALITY (TEST) CHARACTERISTICS OF DEPRESSION 248
- VI. SUMMARY 248
CHAPTER TEN. Depression as a Pattern of Emotions and Feelings: Factor-Analytic Investigations 251
- I. INTRODUCTION 251
- II. STUDY I 255
- III. STUDY II 264
- IV. SUMMARY 267
CHAPTER ELEVEN. Differential Emotion Theory and the Empirical Analysis of Depression 269
- I. INTRODUCTION 269
- II. THE DIFFERENTIAL EMOTION THEORY OF DEPRESSION 271
- III. EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF DEPRESSION 273
- IV. PATTERNS OF EMOTIONS AND FEELINGS IN DEPRESSION 274
- V. ANXIETY VERSUS DEPRESSION 278
- VI. MEASURES USED IN THE DEPRESSION STUDIES 280
- VII. THE DEPRESSION SCORES FROM THE DEPRESSION AND FUNDAMENTAL EMOTION SITUATIONS 282
- VIII. THE DES+D PROFILES FROM THE DEPRESSION AND THE FUNDAMENTAL EMOTION SITUATIONS 284
- IX. DES+D FACTORS IN THE FUNDAMENTAL EMOTION SITUATIONS 286
- X. A PRIORI PROFILES IN DEPRESSION AND THE RELATED FUNDAMENTAL EMOTION SITUATIONS 287
- XI. PATTERNS OF EMOTIONS OF DEPRESSIVE CLIENTS IN PSYCHOTHERAPY 291
- XII. PATTERNS OF EMOTION AND FEELINGS IN HOSPITALIZED DEPRESSIVE PATIENTS 293
- XIII. SUMMARY 294
References 297
Subject Index 307

A New Analysis of Anxiety and Depression

Description

TOC

Reviews (0)