Blockchain Technology for Emerging Applications

Description

Blockchain Technology for Emerging Applications: A Comprehensive Approach explores recent theories and applications of the execution of blockchain technology. Chapters look at a wide range of application areas, including healthcare, digital physical frameworks, web of-things, smart transportation frameworks, interruption identification frameworks, ballot-casting, architecture, smart urban communities, and digital rights administration. The book addresses the engineering, plan objectives, difficulties, constraints, and potential answers for blockchain-based frameworks.

It also looks at blockchain-based design perspectives of these intelligent architectures for evaluating and interpreting real-world trends. Chapters expand on different models which have shown considerable success in dealing with an extensive range of applications, including their ability to extract complex hidden features and learn efficient representation in unsupervised environments for blockchain security pattern analysis.

Introduces the basic architecture and taxonomy of blockchain technology
Surveys the most recent developments and challenges in blockchain-enabled technology for various application domains with fundamental and technical depth
Investigates how to devise secure and reliable applications and blockchain-enabled decentralized secure solutions using blockchain technology

Front Cover 2
BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY FOR EMERGING APPLICATIONS 3
BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY FOR EMERGING APPLICATIONS: A Comprehensive Approach 5
Copyright 6
Dedication 7
Contents 9
Contributors 15
Preface 19
1 - Blockchain architecture, taxonomy, challenges, and applications 25
- 1. Introduction to blockchain 25
  - 1.1 Motivation 26
  - 1.3 Characteristics of blockchain 27
  - 1.4 Summarizing blockchain 27
  - 1.2 Blockchain analogy 27
  - 1.5 Bitcoin and blockchain 27

Front Cover 2
BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY FOR EMERGING APPLICATIONS 3
BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY FOR EMERGING APPLICATIONS: A Comprehensive Approach 5
Copyright 6
Dedication 7
Contents 9
Contributors 15
Preface 19
1 - Blockchain architecture, taxonomy, challenges, and applications 25
- 1. Introduction to blockchain 25
  - 1.1 Motivation 26
  - 1.3 Characteristics of blockchain 27
  - 1.4 Summarizing blockchain 27
  - 1.2 Blockchain analogy 27
  - 1.5 Bitcoin and blockchain 27
  - 1.6 Wallets, digital signatures, and protocols 28
  - 1.7 Main contributions of this chapter 29
  - 1.8 Organization of the chapter 29
- 2. History of blockchain 29
  - 2.1 Use of blockchain in Bitcoin 29
  - 2.2 Ethereum and smart contracts 30
- 3. Benefits over traditional technologies 30
  - 3.1 Decentralized control 30
  - 3.2 Integrity and transparency 31
  - 3.3 Confidentiality 31
  - 3.5 Enhanced security 32
  - 3.4 Faster processing 32
- 4. Blockchain architecture 32
  - 4.1 Understanding architecture 32
  - 4.2 Consensus mechanisms 33
  - 4.3 Various consensus mechanisms 34
    - 4.3.1 Proof of work 34
    - 4.3.4 Proof of authority 35
    - 4.3.2 Proof of stake 35
    - 4.3.3 Delegated proof of stake 35
    - 4.3.5 Proof of weight 36
  - 4.4 Types of blockchain 36
    - 4.4.1 Public blockchain 36
    - 4.4.3 Consortium blockchain 37
    - 4.4.2 Private blockchain 37
  - 4.5 Blockchain technology stack 37
    - 4.5.1 Overlay networks 37
    - 4.5.4 Support system 38
    - 4.5.2 User interface 38
    - 4.5.3 Decentralized protocols 38
  - 4.6 Blockchain ecosystem 38
    - 4.6.1 Blockchain miners 38
    - 4.6.2 Blockchain developers 39
    - 4.6.3 Blockchain users 39
    - 4.6.4 Blockchain exchanges 39
  - 4.7 Various top blockchains in the contemporary world 40
    - 4.7.1 Bitcoin 40
    - 4.7.2 Ethereum 41
    - 4.7.5 EOS 41
    - 4.7.3 Hyperledger 41
    - 4.7.4 Multichain 41
    - 4.7.8 Quorum 42
    - 4.7.6 Corda 42
    - 4.7.7 NEO 42
  - 5. Evolution of blockchain in fields other than cryptocurrency 42
  - 6. Challenges of blockchain 43
    - 6.1 Industry challenges with blockchain 44
      - 6.1.2 Scalability 44
      - 6.1.3 Public perception 44
      - 6.1.1 Energy consumption 44
      - 6.1.4 Blockchain standards and regulations 44
    - 6.2 Attacks against blockchain 45
      - 6.2.2 Eclipse attack 45
      - 6.2.3 Time-jacking attack 45
      - 6.2.1 Sybil attack 45
      - 6.2.4 Fifty-one percent attack 46
    - 7. Applications of blockchain 46
      - 7.1 Mortgages and loans using blockchain 46
      - 7.3 Stock trading using blockchain 48
      - 7.2 Cross-border payments using blockchain 48
      - 7.5 Public health security using blockchain 49
      - 7.4 Online identity management using blockchain 49
      - 7.6 Tracing of medicine using blockchain 50
      - 7.7 Rental property using blockchain 50
      - 7.8 Property records using blockchain 51
      - 7.9 Real estate regulations using blockchain 52
      - 7.10 Liquidating real estate assets using blockchain 52
    - 8. Conclusion and future scope 52
    - References 53
  - 2 - Blockchain: a new perspective in cyber technology 57
    - 1. Introduction 57
      - 1.1 Blockchain technology and its history 57
    - 2. Blockchain architecture 59
      - 2.1 Block header 60
      - 2.2 Block body 60
    - 3. Blockchain concepts 62
      - 3.1 Hash functions 62
      - 3.2 Timestamp 63
    - 4. Consensus algorithms 67
      - 4.2 Consensus algorithm: Proof of Work (PoW) 67
      - 4.1 What is the consensus? 67
      - 4.3 Consensus algorithm: proof of stake (PoS) 70
      - 4.5 Consensus algorithm: Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) 72
      - 4.4 Consensus algorithm: delegated proof of stake (DPoS) 72
    - 5. Blockchain validity 74
    - 6. Blockchain attacks 75
    - 7. Merkle trees 76
    - 8. How secure is blockchain? 77
    - 9. Challenges and recent advances 78
      - 9.1 Scalability 78
      - 9.3 Privacy leakage 79
      - 9.2 Selfish mining 79
    - 10. Emerging applications of blockchain 80
      - 10.1 Blockchain and Internet-of-Things (IoT) 80
      - 10.2 Smart contracts 81
      - 10.3 Blockchain in education 82
      - 10.4 Blockchain in healthcare 83
      - 10.5 Blockchain in supply chains, transportation, and logistics 85
      - 10.7 Blockchain in technology and cybersecurity 86
      - 10.6 Blockchain in the agri-food sector 86
      - 10.8 Blockchain in identity management 87
    - 11. Conclusion and future scope 88
      - 11.1 Big data analytics 88
      - 11.3 Blockchain testing 89
      - 11.2 Decentralization 89
    - References 89
  - 3 - Characteristics, advances, and challenges in blockchain-enabled cyber-physical systems 91
    - 1. Introduction 91
    - 2. Background of CPS 93
      - 2.1 Healthcare systems 93
      - 2.2 Transportation and vehicular ad-hoc networks 93
      - 2.3 Urban infrastructure 95
      - 2.4 Defense systems 96
    - 3. Background of blockchain 97
      - 3.2 Essential features of blockchain technology 98
      - 3.1 Types of consensus algorithms 98
    - 4. Blockchain-enabled cyber-physical systems 99
      - 4.1 Supply chain management 99
      - 4.2 Healthcare sector 100
      - 4.3 Emerging industrial control systems 102
      - 4.4 Smart cities 103
    - 5. Characteristics of blockchain-enabled CPS systems 104
    - 6. Challenges in blockchain-enabled CPS systems 107
      - 6.1 The nontechnical challenges 107
      - 6.2 The technical challenges 108
      - 6.3 Security attacks and their likelihood on blockchain-enabled CPS systems 108
    - 7. Conclusion and future scope 109
    - References 109
  - 4 - A novel secured ledger platform for real-time transactions 115
    - 1. Introduction 115
    - 2. Proposed work 119
      - 2.2 Communication between validator and server 120
      - 2.1 Communication between generator and server 120
      - 2.4 Functional units of generator module 121
      - 2.3 Communication with nontrusted module 121
      - 2.5 Functional units of validator module 122
      - 2.6 Functional units of server module 122
    - 3. Result and discussion 124
    - 4. Use cases 124
    - References 127
    - 5. Conclusion 127
  - 5 - Blockchain for intrusion detection systems 131
    - 1. Introduction 131
      - 1.3 Organization of the paper 132
      - 1.1 Signature-based IDS 132
      - 1.2 Anomaly-based IDS 132
    - 2. Intrusion detection system 133
      - 2.2 Generating the alert 133
      - 2.1 Information gathering 133
      - 2.3 Network intrusion detection system 134
      - 2.4 Host intrusion detection system 135
      - 2.7 Hybrid intrusion detection system 136
      - 2.5 Protocol-based intrusion detection system 136
      - 2.6 Application protocol-based intrusion detection system 136
    - 3. About blockchain 136
      - 3.2 Private blockchain 137
      - 3.3 Consortium blockchain 137
      - 3.1 Public blockchain 137
      - 3.4 Hybrid blockchain 138
      - 3.5 Blockchain in security 138
        
        3.5.2 Miners 140
        
        3.5.3 Nodes 140
        
        3.5.1 Block 140
      - 3.6 Consensus algorithms 141
        
        3.6.3 Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) 141
        
        3.6.1 Proof of work (PoW) 141
        
        3.6.4 Proof of burn (PoB) 141
        
        3.6.2 Proof of stake (PoS) 141
        
        3.6.6 Proof of elapsed time (PoET) 142
        
        3.6.5 Proof of capacity (PoC) 142
      - 3.7 Blockchain in IDS 142
    - 4. Host-based intrusion detection system 143
      - 4.1 Working of an IDS in an HIDS 143
    - 5. Blockchain-based intrusion detection 144
      - 5.1 Challenges in distributed intrusion detection systems 144
        
        5.1.3 Scalability 144
        
        5.1.1 Integrity 144
        
        5.1.4 Privacy 144
        
        5.1.2 Consensus 144
      - 5.2 Blockchain-based solution 145
      - 5.3 Why a cloud-based centralized server? 146
    - 6. Collaborative intrusion detection system 146
      - 6.1 Working model of CIDS 147
      - 6.2 Collaborative intrusion detection challenges 148
        
        6.2.2 Management of trust 148
        
        6.2.1 Sharing of data 148
      - 6.3 Solution for CIDs using blockchain 148
        
        6.3.1 Sharing of data 148
        
        6.3.2 Trust computation 149
      - 7. Applications of IDS: Snort 149
        
        7.1 Sniffer mode 150
        
        7.4 Designing a Snort-based CID with blockchain 150
        
        7.2 Packet logger mode 150
        
        7.3 NIDS mode 150
        
        7.5 Evaluation of this design 152
        
        7.5.2 Evaluation with poisonous and permitted traffic in a CIDN 153
        
        7.5.3 Analysis of a CIDN with permitted traffic 153
        
        7.5.1 Attack modeling 153
        
        8. Limitations 154
        
        8.1 IDS limitations 154
        
        8.1.2 Signature coverage in limited range 154
        
        8.1.3 Incorrect profile establishment 154
        
        8.1.1 Traffic overhead with handling capability limited 154
        
        8.1.4 Major false warnings 155
        
        8.2 Blockchain limitations 155
        
        8.2.2 Security and privacy 156
        
        8.2.5 Size and organization 156
        
        8.2.3 Complexity and latency 156
        
        8.2.6 Management and regulations 156
        
        8.2.1 Cost and energy 156
        
        8.2.4 Awareness and adoption 156
        
        8.3 General IDS limitations 157
        
        References 158
        
        9. Comparison with firewalls 158
        
        10. Conclusion and future scope 158
      - 6 - Blockchain for IoT-based medical delivery drones: state of the art, issues, and future prospects 161
        
        1. Introduction 161
        
        2. Related works 164
        
        2.1 Research gap 168
        
        2.2 Lessons learned 168
        
        3. Drone suppliers for medical delivery 169
        
        4. Blockchain-IoT aware drone-based medical delivery 173
        
        4.1 Last mile delivery 179
        
        4.2 Collaborative and multiagent delivery 179
        
        4.3 Epidemic support delivery 180
        
        4.4 Forensic delivery 183
        
        4.5 Smart city delivery 183
        
        4.6 5G- and AI-assisted delivery 185
        
        5. Key issues and future direction 186
        
        5.1 Health record storage cost 186
        
        5.2 Energy management 189
        
        5.5 Latency and throughput 189
        
        5.3 Ecologic condition 189
        
        5.4 Legal disputes 189
        
        5.8 Standard architecture 190
        
        5.6 Resource utilization 190
        
        5.9 Incentive for participation 190
        
        5.7 Vulnerability 190
        
        5.10 Regulatory constraints 191
        
        5.11 Technology adoption 191
        
        5.12 Future direction 191
        
        6. Conclusion 192
        
        References 193
      - 7 - Blockchain for digital rights management 201
        
        1. Introduction 201
        
        2. Illustrations 203
        
        2.1 Cryptocurrencies 203
        
        2.2 Content distribution and DRM 204
        
        2.3 Storing research data 204
        
        3. DRM requirement 204
        
        3.1 Content verifiability along with tamper proofness 205
        
        3.5 Trademarking and licensing 206
        
        3.3 Protecting the access of content 206
        
        3.6 Detection of violation 206
        
        3.4 Usage control of content 206
        
        3.2 Privacy of identity for digital content provider 206
        
        4. Parts of a traditional DRM 206
        
        4.1 Content recognizer 207
        
        4.2 Meta data 207
        
        4.3 Watermark 207
        
        4.6 Security licenses 208
        
        4.4 Fingerprints 208
        
        4.7 EUP 208
        
        4.5 Containers 208
        
        5. Compatibility of blockchain for DRM 209
        
        5.1 Immutability 209
        
        5.2 Decentralized 209
        
        5.3 Enhanced security 209
        
        5.6 Faster responses 210
        
        5.4 Distributed ledger 210
        
        5.5 Consensus 210
        
        6. Various cryptographic hash functions in blockchain 210
        
        6.1 MD5 algorithm 210
        
        6.2 SHA-0 algorithm 211
        
        6.5 SHA-256 algorithm 212
        
        6.3 SHA-1 algorithm 212
        
        6.4 SHA-2 algorithm 212
        
        7. Methodologies and technology in use 212
        
        8. Effects and applications of using blockchain in DRM 214
        
        8.1 Effects 214
        
        8.1.2 Privacy 214
        
        8.1.5 Protection from repetitive registrations 214
        
        8.1.3 Efficient method 214
        
        8.1.1 Discoverability of copyrights 214
        
        8.1.4 Maintenance of security and fairness of copyright trading 214
        
        8.1.6 Default in reception 215
        
        8.2 Applications 215
        
        8.2.3 Copyrighting multimedia works 215
        
        8.2.1 Educational learning passports 215
        
        8.2.2 Multimedia community of educational resources 215

Author's affiliation

Siddhartha Bhattacharyya: RCC Institute of Information Technology, Kolk

A Comprehensive Approach

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