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Proceedings of the Conference on Nitrogen as a Water Pollutant
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Proceedings of the Conference on Nitrogen as a Water Pollutant
Volume 8.4
Authors: S. H. Jenkins Publisher: Elsevier Science Publication date: 2013 Publication language: Angielski Number of pages: 773 Publication formats: EAN: 9781483226873 ISBN: 9781483226873 Category: Botany & plant sciences Publisher's index: C2013-0-08269-2 Bibliographic note: -
TOC
- Front Cover 2
- Nitrogen as a Water Pollutant 3
- INTRODUCTION 5
-
CHAPTER 1. MICROBIAL TRANSFORMATIONS OF INORGANIC NITROGEN
7
- THE MAIN PROCESSES 7
- SUMMARY 7
- IN PURE CULTURES 8
- FIXATION OF ELEMENTARY NITROGEN 8
- FIXATION IN THE AQUEOUS ENVIRONMENT 11
- IN PURE CULTURES 12
- NITRIFICATION 12
- NITRIFICATION IN THE AQUEOUS ENVIRONMENT 18
- IN PURE CULTURES 20
- NITRATE METABOLISM 20
- NITRATE REDUCTION IN THE AQUEOUS ENVIRONMENT 23
- Front Cover 2
- Nitrogen as a Water Pollutant 3
- INTRODUCTION 5
-
CHAPTER 1. MICROBIAL TRANSFORMATIONS OF INORGANIC NITROGEN
7
- THE MAIN PROCESSES 7
- SUMMARY 7
- IN PURE CULTURES 8
- FIXATION OF ELEMENTARY NITROGEN 8
- FIXATION IN THE AQUEOUS ENVIRONMENT 11
- IN PURE CULTURES 12
- NITRIFICATION 12
- NITRIFICATION IN THE AQUEOUS ENVIRONMENT 18
- IN PURE CULTURES 20
- NITRATE METABOLISM 20
- NITRATE REDUCTION IN THE AQUEOUS ENVIRONMENT 23
- DISCUSSION 24
- Acknowledgement 26
- REFERENCES 26
-
CHAPTER 2. THE ANALYSIS OF NITROGEN FORMS IN WATERS AND WASTEWATERS
35
- AMMONIA NITROGEN 35
- SUMMARY 35
- INTRODUCTION 35
- TOTAL AND ORGANIC NITROGEN 44
- NITRITE 46
- NITRATE 47
- REFERENCES 54
-
CHAPTER 3. SOURCES OF NITROGEN AS A WATER POLLUTANT: INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER
59
- Relative imprtance-of-various-sources 59
- Industrial nitrgen sources 61
- Nitrogen discharges from the forest industry 62
- Fertilizer industry 63
- The most important nitrogen discharges 65
- food processing industry 66
- Summing-up 67
- References 68
-
CHAPTER 4. NITROGEN IN ORGANIC MATTER AND FERTILIZER AS A SOURCE OF POLLUTION
71
- SUMMARY 71
- METHODS OF RESEARCH 72
- FATE OF NITROGEN IN SOIL 73
- NITROGEN AVAILABLE TO CROPS 74
- N-LOSSES BY LEACHING 77
- N - LOSSES IN SUBSOIL 82
- INDIRECT EFFECT OF FERTILIZER NITROGEN ON N-LEACHING LOSSES 85
- CONCLUSIONS 86
- REFERENCES 86
-
CHAPTER 5. NUTRIENT DISCHARGE FROM A 90 km2 WATERSHED
89
- DESCRIPTION OF WATERSHED 89
- INTRODUCTION 89
- MEASUREMENTS 90
- DATA TREATMENT 90
- CONCLUSION 93
- REFERENCES 93
-
CHAPTER 6. THE INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN FERTILIZERS ON STREAM NITRATE CONCENTRATIONS NEAR ALLISTON, ONTARIO, CANADA
95
- INTRODUCTION 95
- STUDY AREA 96
- STUDY METHODS 97
- RESULTS 98
- DISCUSSION 100
- COMPARISONS OF STREAM NITRATE LEVELS IN 1972 AND 1974 101
- CONCLUSION 103
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 103
- REFERENCES 104
-
CHAPTER 7. LONG TERM STUDIES ON NITROGEN IN TWO RESERVOIRS RELATED TO FIELD FERTILIZATION
105
- SUMMARY 105
- INTRODUCTION 105
- LOCALITIES 105
- METHOD 106
- RESULTS 106
- DISCUSSION 111
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 112
- REFERENCES 112
-
CHAPTER 8. THE CONTRIBUTION OF NUTRIENT FROM DIFFUSE SOURCES
115
- SUMMARY 115
- METHODS 115
- YEARLY VARIATION AND AVERAGE OF NUTRIENT FLUX 116
- REFERENCES 121
- NOTATION 121
- ANALYSIS OF THE TWO POINT MEASUREMENTS IN NØRREÅEN 121
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 121
- DISCUSSION 121
-
CHAPTER 9. NITRATE REDUCTION IN THE SUBSOIL
123
- INTRODUCTION 123
- SUMMARY 123
- NITRATE REDUCTION IN SOILS 124
- DESCRIPTION OF THE SOIL PROFILES 124
- CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF THE PROFILES 126
- PHYSICAL ANALYSES OF THE PROFILES 128
- NITRATE REDUCTION EXPERIMENTS 129
- CONCLUSION 131
- LITERATURE 132
-
CHAPTER 10. SIMPLE METHODS OF PREDICTING THE LEACHING OF NITRATE FROM THE ROOT ZONE
133
- Summary 133
- THEORY 134
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 139
- References 144
-
CHAPTER 11. DENITRIFICATION IN SOILS INTERMITTENTLY FLOODED WITH SEWAGE WATER
147
- SUMMARY 147
- PROCEDURE 148
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 151
- REFERENCES 157
-
CHAPTER 12. THE IMMOBILIZATION OF NITROGEN IN A WATER„SEDIMENT SYSTEM BY DENITRIFYING BACTERIA AS A RESULT OF NITRATE RESPIRATIO
159
- INTRODUCTION 159
- MATERIALS AND METHODS 160
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 161
- REFERENCES 164
-
CHAPTER 13. A PROCEDURE FOR THE PREDICTION OF NITRATE LEVELS IN WATER SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM
165
- SUMMARY 165
- PROCESSES WHICH CONTROL NITROGEN ADDITIONS AND LOSSES 166
- CURRENT SITUATION IN THE UNITED KINGDOM 166
- METHOD OF APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM 166
- NITROGEN AND THE WATER RESOURCE SYSTEM 167
- PROCESSES WHICH CONTROL THE RATE OF NITRATE MOVEMENT 167
- AVAILABILITY AND RELIABILITY OF DATA 169
- ESTIMATION OF NITRATE LEVELS IN A TYPICAL CHALK CATCHMENT 172
- DATA REQUIREMENT 177
- REFERENCES 179
- CONCLUSIONS 179
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 179
-
CHAPTER 14. JOINT FAO/IAEA/FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY INTERNATIONAL COORDINATED PROGRAMME OF RESEARCH ON AGRICULTURAL NITROGEN
183
- INTRODUCTION 183
- BACKGROUND 183
- CURRENT STATUS AND OBJECTIVES 184
-
CHAPTER 15. INFANT METHEMOGLOBINEMIA AND OTHER HEALTH EFFECTS OF NITRATES IN DRINKING WATER
187
- SUMMARY 187
- GENERAL ASPECTS OF METHEMOGLOBINEMIA 188
- NITRATE STANDARDS IN DRINKING WATER 188
- PATHOGENESIS OF METHEMOGLOBINEMIA 189
- RESEARCH PROGRAM IN ISRAEL 191
- NITROSAMINES 193
- CONCLUSIONS 194
- REFERENCES 195
-
CHAPTER 16. N-NITROSO COMPOUNDS, NITRITE, AND NITRATE: POSSIBLE IMPLICATIONS FOR THE CAUSATION OF HUMAN CANCER
199
- INTRODUCTION 199
- SUMMARY 199
- CARCINOGENICITY OF NNO-COMPOUNDS 200
- CHEMICAL FORMATION OF NNO-COMPOUNDS 201
- ANALYSIS OF FOOD FOR NNO-COMPOUNDS 201
- FORMATION OF NNO-COMPOUNDS IN VIVO AND BY BACTERIA 202
- EPIDEMIOLOGY 205
- CONCLUSIONS 207
- REFERENCES 208
-
CHAPTER 17. NITRIFICATION AND OTHER FACTORS AFFECTING NITROGEN IN THE HOLSTON RIVER
213
- FACTORS AFFECTING NITRIFICATION IN THE HOLSTON RIVER 214
- IMPACT OF NITROGEN DISCHARGES INTO CHEROKEE RESERVOIR 221
- CONCLUSIONS 226
- Acknowledgements 226
- REFERENCES 227
-
CHAPTER 18. ORIGIN AND VARIATION OF NITRATE NITROGEN IN THE CHALK SPRINGS, STREAMS AND RIVERS IN DORSET AND ITS UTILISATION BY H
229
- THE STUDY AREA 229
- HYDROGEOLOGY 229
- INTRODUCTION 229
- METHODS 230
- HIGHER PLANTS 230
- RESULTS 231
- REFERENCES 238
-
CHAPTER 19. TIME SERIES ANALYSIS OF AMMONIA IN THE PASSAIC RIVER
241
- INTRODUCTION 241
- TIME SERIES ANALYSIS 243
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 250
- APPENDIX I - REFERENCES 254
- APPENDIX II - NOTATION 255
-
CHAPTER 20. STATISTICAL ASSESSMENT OF INORGANIC NITROGEN IN A SMALL RIVER SYSTEM
257
- I. INTRODUCTION 257
- REFERENCES 278
-
CHAPTER 21. NITROGEN AS A GROWTH FACTOR IN FRESH WATER
279
- SUMMARY 279
- FORMS AND AMOUNTS OF N IN WATER 280
- N SOURCES UTILIZED IN AQUATIC PRODUCTION 281
- ORGANIC N SOURCES 282
- INORGANIC N SOURCES 283
- AMOUNTS OF N IN WATER PLANTS 284
- N AS THE MOST GROWTH LIMITING NUTRIENT 284
- N UPTAKE BY MACROPHYTES 284
- RESEARCH NEEDS 289
- REFERENCES 289
-
CHAPTER 22. NITROGEN„A GROWTH LIMITING NUTRIENT IN EUTROPHIC LAKES
295
- SUMMARY 295
- METHODS 295
- BACKGROUND DATA 296
- RESULTS 297
- DISCUSSION 301
- REFERENCES 303
-
CHAPTER 23. NITROGEN AS LIMITING FACTOR FOR THE GROWTH OF THE BLUE-GREEN ALGA OSCILLATORIA AGARDHII
305
- SUMMARY 305
- MODEL 306
- MATERIALS AND METHODS 306
- DISCUSSION 313
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 315
- REFERENCES 315
-
CHAPTER 24. NITROGEN REGIME OF SHALLOW EUTROPHIC LAKES ON THE CANADIAN PRAIRIES
317
- STUDY AREA AND METHODS 317
- ABSTRACT 317
- INTRODUCTION 317
- VARIATIONS IN THE NITROGEN, DISSOLVED OXYGEN AND BIOMASS CONTENT OF THREE SELECTED PRAIRIE LAKES 318
- CORRELATIONS BETWEEN VARIOUS PARAMETERS 321
- DISCUSSION 322
- REFERENCES 324
-
CHAPTER 25. A REAL TIME MODEL OF NITROGEN-CYCLE DYNAMICS IN AN ESTUARINE SYSTEM
327
- FORMULATION OF NITROGEN-CYCLE MODEL 328
- REFERENCES 348
-
CHAPTER 26. KINETICS OF NITROGEN-LIMITED ALGAL GROWTH
351
- SUMMARY 351
- MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR GROWTH 353
- UPTAKE KINETICS 354
- COMBINED MODEL FOR GROWTH AND UPTAKE 357
- DISCUSSION AND CONSLUSION 359
- NOMENCLATURE 360
- REFERENCES 361
- GREEK LETTERS 361
-
CHAPTER 27. NITROGEN FIXATION…A REVIEW OF THIS PHENOMENON AS A POLLUTING PROCESS
363
- N2-FIXATION IN WATERSHEDS 363
- N9-FIXATION AND LAKE EUTROPHICATION 364
- EFFECTS OF N2-FIXATION ON OTHER AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS: STREAMS, ESTUARIES, AND MARSHES 366
- WHY AND IF N2-FIXATION IS A POLLUTING OR EUTROPHYING FACTOR IN VARIOUS ECOSYSTEMS 368
- THE SUPPRESSION OF N2-FIXATION IN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS 370
- REFERENCES 372
-
CHAPTER 28. DENITRIFICATION IN NATURAL WATERS
377
- Summary 377
- Microbiology and Biochemistry 378
- Environmental Requirements for Denitrification 382
- Other Mechanisms for the Production of Nitrogen Gases 383
- Measurement of Denitrification 384
- Nitrate Reduction (Immobilization) 385
- Occurrence and Importance of Denitrification in Natural Waters 386
- Concluding Remarks 390
- REFERENCES 391
-
CHAPTER 29. A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON SEDIMENT: WATER EXCHANGE OF NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
397
- Incorporation of nitrogen in the sediment 398
- The nitrogen in the sediment 400
- Ammonification 401
- Nitrogen fixation 403
- Nitrification 405
- Denitrification 407
- Transport mechanisms 411
- References 414
- Final remarks 414
-
CHAPTER 30. NITROGEN TRANSFORMATION IN LAKES
423
- INTRODUCTION 423
- METHODS 424
- RESULTS 425
- DISCUSSION 434
- REFERENCES 435
-
CHAPTER 31. AQUATIC NITROGEN DETERMINATIONS IN REAL-TIME
437
- SUMMARY 437
- I. NEED FOR QUICK ANALYSIS OF NITROGEN IN WATER 437
- II. NITROGENOUS CHEMICAL FORMS IN WASTEWATERS 438
- III. DESCRIPTION OF REAL-TIME MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 443
- VI. CONCLUSION 448
- V. DISCUSSION 448
- REFERENCES 449
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 449
- NOMENCLATURE 449
-
CHAPTER 32. OPTICAL METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN-15 ABUNDANCE
451
- SAMPLE PREPARATION 451
- OPTICAL MEASUREMENT 452
- LIMITS OF ANALYSIS 453
- REFERENCES 454
-
CHAPTER 33. NITROGEN OXIDATION AND REMOVAL EFFICIENCY USING ACTIVATED ALGAE
455
- SUMMARY 455
- FUNDAMENTAL BASIS 456
- METHODS 458
- RESULTS 459
- DISCUSSION 468
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 468
- CONCLUSIONS 469
- REFERENCES 469
-
CHAPTER 34. NITROGEN CONTROL: A BASIS FOR DESIGN WITH ACTIVATED SLUDGE SYSTEMS
471
- SUMMARY 471
- PILOT PLANT DESIGN AND OPERATION 472
- DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 473
- DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 483
- REFERENCES 484
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 484
-
CHAPTER 35. INTENSIFICATION OF THE AMMONIA OXIDATION IN A SANDBED FILTER
487
- EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES 487
- INTRODUCTION 487
- RESULTS 490
- SUMMARY 494
- CONCLUSION 496
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 496
- REFERENCES 497
-
CHAPTER 36. NITROGEN CONTROL BY MEANS OF THE MONO, INTERMEDIATE OR DUAL (MID) STEP BIOLOGICAL NITRIFICATION PROCESS
499
- INTRODUCTION 499
- DESCRIPTION 499
- ABSTRACT 499
- OPERATION 502
- EXAMPLES OF MID STEP NITRIFICATION PLANTS 505
- REFERENCES 511
-
CHAPTER 37. BIOLOGICAL DENITRIFICATION OF SEWAGE: A LITERATURE REVIEW
513
- 1.INTRODUCTION 513
- 2. BIOCHEMISTRY AND MICROBIOLOGY 513
- 3. IMPORTANT ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS 515
- 4. TECHNOLOGICAL ALTERNATIVES FOR BIOLOGICAL DENITRIFICATION 520
- 5. SLUDGE CHARACTERISTICS AND TREATMENT 545
- 6. ECONOMICAL COMPARISON OF APPROACHES TO BIOLOGICAL DENITRIFICATION 545
- 7. CONCLUSION 546
- REFERENCES 547
-
CHAPTER 38. PILOT-SCALE EXPERIMENTS ON DOWN-FLOW FILTER DENITRIFITCATION
561
- THEORY FOR FILTER PURIFICATION 561
- SUMMARY 561
- EKSPERIMENTAL ARRANGEMENT 566
- FILTER PERFORMANCE 571
- KINETIC RESULTS 572
- CONCLUSION 577
- NOMENCLATURE 578