The Computerized Greenhouse

Description

The aim of this book is to open up research areas in automatic control engineering for crop production systems in horticulture and agriculture, and to explain the principle ideas of advanced automatic control in plant production. The text includes detailed discussions of:
- Fundamental systems engineering concepts
- Modeling
- Control for agricultural systems
- Optimal control and its applications
- Artificial intelligence for agricultural applications

Front Cover 2
The Computerized Greenhouse: Automatic Control Application in Plant Production 5
Copyright Page 6
Table of Contents 7
Contributors 9
Preface 11
Section 1: System, Modelling, Identification and Control 13
- CHAPTER 1. IDENTIFICATION, ESTIMATION AND TRUE DIGITAL CONTROL OF GLASSHOUSE SYSTEMS 15
  - 1. INTRODUCTION 15
  - 2. TF MODELS IN THE z-1 AND δ OPERATORS 18
  - 3. MODEL IDENTIFICATION AND PARAMETER ESTIMATION 20
  - 4. PIP CONTROL DESIGN FOR THE z-1 OPERATOR MODEL 26
  - 5. PIP CONTROL DESIGN FOR THE δ OPERATOR MODEL 31
  - 6. THE TDC COMPUTER AIDED CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN (CACSD) PACKAGE 33
  - 7. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS IN GLASSHOUSE HORTICULTURE 36

Front Cover 2
The Computerized Greenhouse: Automatic Control Application in Plant Production 5
Copyright Page 6
Table of Contents 7
Contributors 9
Preface 11
Section 1: System, Modelling, Identification and Control 13
- CHAPTER 1. IDENTIFICATION, ESTIMATION AND TRUE DIGITAL CONTROL OF GLASSHOUSE SYSTEMS 15
  - 1. INTRODUCTION 15
  - 2. TF MODELS IN THE z-1 AND δ OPERATORS 18
  - 3. MODEL IDENTIFICATION AND PARAMETER ESTIMATION 20
  - 4. PIP CONTROL DESIGN FOR THE z-1 OPERATOR MODEL 26
  - 5. PIP CONTROL DESIGN FOR THE δ OPERATOR MODEL 31
  - 6. THE TDC COMPUTER AIDED CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN (CACSD) PACKAGE 33
  - 7. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS IN GLASSHOUSE HORTICULTURE 36
  - 8. CONCLUSIONS 57
  - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 58
  - REFERENCES 58
- CHAPTER 2. PHYSICAL MODELLING OF GREENHOUSE CLIMATE 63
  - I. INTRODUCTION 63
  - II. GENERAL ASPECTS 65
  - III. PHYSICAL PROCESSES 66
  - IV. DYNAMIC MODEL 79
  - V. CONCLUSIONS 83
  - REFERENCES 83
- CHAPTER 3. MEASUREMENT AND PARAMETER IDENTIFICATION PROBLEMS FOR CONTROL OF BIOTECHNICAL PROCESSES 87
  - I. INTRODUCTION 87
  - II. MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES FOR BIOTECHNICAL SYSTEMS 88
  - III. MODEL BASED PREDICTIVE CONTROL 91
  - IV. INFORMATION CONTENT OF MEASUREMENTS 92
  - V. APPLICATION TO A BIOTECHNICAL PROCESS IN A TOWER REACTOR 95
  - VI. CONCLUSIONS 104
  - REFERENCE 104
- CHAPTER 4. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL IN PLANT TISSUE CULTURE AND ITS APPLICATION FOR MICROPROPAGATION 107
  - I. INTRODUCTION 107
  - II. SIGNIFICANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL IN PLANT TISSUE CULTURE 108
  - III. SOME CONSIDERATIONS FOR MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL OF THE IN VITRO ENVIRONMENT 110
  - IV. PHOTOAUTOTROPHIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PLANTLET IN VITRO 119
  - V. ADVANTAGES OF PHOTOAUTOTROPHIC MICROPROPAGATION OVER CONVENTIONAL MICROPROPAGATION METHOD 123
  - REFERENCES 124
- Section 2: Optimal Control 129
  - CHAPTER 5. OPTIMAL DIURNAL CLIMATE CONTROL IN GREENHOUSES AS RELATED TO GREENHOUSE MANAGEMENT AND CROP REQUIREMENTS 131
    - I. INTRODUCTION 131
    - II. OPTIMAL CONTROL, AN ANALYSIS 133
    - III. OPTIMAL CONTROL, A SYNTHESIS 138
    - IV. CONCLUSIONS 146
    - REFERENCES 147
  - CHAPTER 6. OPTIMAL CONTROL FOR PLANT PRODUCTION IN GREENHOUSES 151
    - I. INTRODUCTION 151
    - II. CONCEPTION OF PRODUCTION CONTROL 152
    - III. CONTROL OF PLANT PRODUCTION 155
    - IV. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL 158
    - V. CONCLUSIONS 160
    - REFERENCES 161
  - CHAPTER 7. OPTIMAL GREENHOUSE TEMPERATURE TRAJECTORIES FOR A MULTI–STATE–VARIABLE TOMATO MODEL 165
    - I. INTRODUCTION 165
    - II. METHODS 167
    - III. RESULTS 169
    - IV. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 180
    - REFERENCES 183
    - NOTATION 184
  - Section 3: Computer Applications and Artificial Intelligence 185
    - CHAPTER 8. COMPUTER INTEGRATED SYSTEM FOR THE CULTIVATING PROCESS IN AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 187
      - I. INTRODUCTION 187
      - II. PROCESS CONTROL FOR GREENHOUSE AND PLANT FACTORY 189
      - III. CONTROL FOR MECHANIZATION 190
      - IV. OPTIMIZATION BASED ON PLANT RESPONSES [SPEAKING PLANT APPROACH TO CULTIVATING PROCESS CONTROL] 191
      - V. COMPUTER SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR CONTROL, HORTICULTURAL OPERATION AND MANAGEMENT 199
      - VI. COMPUTER INTEGRATED SYSTEM 200
      - VII. CONCLUSION 203
      - REFERENCES 203
    - CHAPTER 9. USING EMPIRICAL KNOWLEDGE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF CLIMATIC SETPOINTS:AN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPROACH 209
      - I. INTRODUCTION 209
      - II. GREENHOUSE DECISION AND COMPUTING FRAMEWORKS 211
      - III. BASIC KNOWLEDGE INVOLVED IN THE DETERMINATION OF CLIMATIC SETPOINTS 212
      - IV. THE SERRISTE SYSTEM 218
      - V. DISCUSSION 231
      - REFERENCES 235
    - CHAPTER 10. COMPUTER OPPORTUNITIES IN AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 237
      - I. INTRODUCTION 237
      - II. IMAGE ANALYSIS 238
      - III. CROP MODELS AND OPTIMISATION 241
      - IV. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ON FARMS 244
      - V. CONCLUSION 249
      - REFERENCES 250
      - ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 250
    - Section 4: Relating Plant Sciences 253
      - CHAPTER 11. ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNALS, RECEPTORS, PHYSIOLOGICAL AND GENETIC REGULATION IN PLANTS 255
        
        I. INTRODUCTION 255
        
        II. SIGNALING AND ITS RECEPTION 256
        
        III. CHEMICAL AND INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNALS 264
        
        IV. REGURATION 267
        
        V. GENETIC REGULATION 270
        
        VI. CONCLUSIONS 273
        
        REFERENCES 274
      - CHAPTER 12. PHYSIOLOGICAL REGULATION OF WATER TRANSPORT IN CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENTS 279
        
        I. INTRODUCTION 279
        
        II. PHYSIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF WATER MOVEMENT THROUGH THE PLANT 280
        
        III. WATER MOVEMENT THROUGH STOMATA 283
        
        IV. GROWTH–INDUCED WATER POTENTIALS 297
        
        V. ORIGIN OF GROWTH–INDUCED WATER POTENTIALS 300
        
        VI. GROWTH REGULATION UNDER WATER STRESS 303
        
        REFERENCES 308
        
        VII. CONCLUSIONS 308
      - CHAPTER 13. GROWTH REGULATION IN PLANT FACTORIES AND GREENHOUSES FROM A PHYSIOLOGICAL VIEWPOINT 315
        
        I. INTRODUCTION 315
        
        II. GROWTH INHIBITION AND WATER STATUS 316
        
        III. THEORY OF PLANT GROWTH 318
        
        IV. GROWTH–INDUCED WATER POTENTIAL FIELDS 321
        
        V. PRACTICAL ESTIMATION OF THE GROWTH–INDUCED WATER POTENTIAL FIELD 323
        
        VI. CELL WALL PROPERTIES AND GROWTH 325
        
        VII. MEASUREMENTS OF CELL WALL PROPERTIES 329
        
        VIII. GROWTH REGULATION UNDER SALT STRESS, COLD STRESS AND HEAT STRESS 334
        
        IX. DISCUSSION 337
        
        X. CONCLUSION 340
        
        REFERENCES 341
      - INDEX 345

Automatic Control Application in Plant Production

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