Bioindicators and Environmental Management

Description

This essential book contains material presented at a September 1990 meeting organized by the Commission for Bioindicators, International Union for Biological Sciences.**A key role of the Commission for Bioindicators (IUBS) is to promote the use of bioindicators in environmental management. This means encouraging the transfer of ideas regarding potential bioindicators, and originating in laboratories, into the harsher realities of field environmental monitoring. Although the concept of biomonitoring is ancient, its application to current monitoring problems is relatively slow to develop.**In a bid to rectify this problem, this invaluable book brings together and discusses approaches developed around the world. It will provide both environmental administrators and research scientists with a valuable sense of proportion of the state of the art in their particular field.

Bioindicators and Environmental Management is organized into four sections
Bioindicators, industry, and administration
Biomonitoring of the Chernobyl accident
Monitoring long-term/large-scale environmental trends
Basic research in biomonitoring

Front Cover 2
Bioindicators and Environmental Management 5
Copyright Page 6
Table of Contents 7
Introduction 11
I.U.B.S. Bioindicators Commission Members 12
List of Participants 13
Part:1: Bioindicators, Industry and Administration 17
- Chapter 1. Monitoring of Benthic Flora and Fauna in Channels Draining a Sewage Plant 17
  - Abstract 17
  - Introduction 17
  - Study site and methods 18
  - Results 20
  - Discussion 26
  - Acknowledgements 27

Front Cover 2
Bioindicators and Environmental Management 5
Copyright Page 6
Table of Contents 7
Introduction 11
I.U.B.S. Bioindicators Commission Members 12
List of Participants 13
Part:1: Bioindicators, Industry and Administration 17
- Chapter 1. Monitoring of Benthic Flora and Fauna in Channels Draining a Sewage Plant 17
  - Abstract 17
  - Introduction 17
  - Study site and methods 18
  - Results 20
  - Discussion 26
  - Acknowledgements 27
  - References 28
- Chapter 2. Use of Biotransformation Activity in Fish and Fish Hepatocytes in the Monitoring of Aquatic Pollution Caused by Pulp 29
  - Abstract 29
  - Introduction 29
  - Pulp production and bleaching 30
  - Comparison of feral and caged fish in monitoring the effect of bleached and unbleached effluents 31
  - Primary cultures of fish hepatocytes 31
  - Pulpmill effluents and fish in Lake Baikal 34
  - Discussion 34
  - Conclusions 35
  - Acknowledgements 35
  - References 35
- Chapter 3. A Monitoring Study of the Succession of Marine Sessile Macro-organisms Five Years Before and After the Operation of a 37
  - Introduction 37
  - Abstract 37
  - Materials and methods 38
  - Results 41
  - Discussion 45
  - Acknowledgements 49
  - References 49
- Chapter 4. The Use of Indicator Organisms for the Protection of Recreational Users of Estuarine and Coastal Waters from Risks to 53
  - Introduction 53
  - Abstract 53
  - Clinical reports of swimming-related illness 55
  - Quantifying the risk to health 58
  - Conclusion 63
  - Acknowledgements 64
  - References 64
- Chapter 5. Indicator Organisms as a Guide to Estuarine Management 71
  - Introduction 71
  - Abstract 71
  - Overall estuarine quality 73
  - Estuarine and coastal eutrophication 75
  - Nature conservation management 77
  - Management of spillage 78
  - References 79
- Chapter 6. Benthic Macroinvertebrates as Indicators of Organic Pollution of Aquatic Ecosystems in a Semi-Arid Tropical Urban Sys 81
  - Introduction 81
  - Abstract 81
  - Study sites 82
  - Materials and methods 83
  - Results and discussion 84
  - Acknowledgements 91
  - References 92
- Chapter 7. Monitoring the Effects of Agricultural Pesticides on Wildlife 95
  - Introduction 95
  - Abstract 95
  - Stepwise evaluation of pesticides 96
  - Biological methods 98
  - Indicator species 98
  - 3. Breeding performance 99
  - 2. Survival and mortality of individuals 99
  - Biochemical methods 102
  - Biochemical methods 102
  - Chemical methods 104
  - Field studies 105
  - Conclusions 107
  - Post-approval surveillance 107
  - References 108
- Chapter 8. Aquatic Biological Early Warning Systems: An Overview 111
  - Abstract 111
  - Introduction 111
  - Approaches in BEWS 116
  - Biological early warning systems 117
  - Monitoring fish 117
  - Monitoring water fleas (Daphnia) 123
  - Monitoring bivalves 123
  - Monitoring bacteria 125
  - Availability of biological early warning systems 128
  - Detection limits 128
  - Data retrieval, manipulation and evaluation 129
  - Conclusions 132
  - References 133
- Chapter 9. The Application of Biological Monitoring to Urban Streams: A System Designed for Environmental Health Professionals 143
  - Abstract 143
  - Introduction 143
  - Methodology 145
  - The Biotic Index 145
  - Conclusions 150
  - Acknowledgement 150
  - References 150
- Part:2: Environmental Radioactivity and Biomonitoring of the Chernobyl Accident 151
  - Chapter 9. Soil Fauna as Bioindicators of Biological After-Effects of the Chernobyl Atomic Power Station Accident 151
    - Introduction 151
    - Materials and methods 151
    - Abstract 151
    - Results and discussion 152
    - References 157
  - Chapter 10.The Chernobyl Accident, Fallout and Possible Effects in Norway 159
    - Abstract 159
    - Introduction 159
    - The pattern of contamination 160
    - Contamination of animals 162
    - Effects of earlier fallout 165
    - Effects of present fallout 165
    - Conclusions 168
    - References 169
  - Chapter 11. Prediction of Radiocaesium Levels in Vegetation and Herbivores Using Bioindicators 171
    - Abstract 171
    - Introduction 171
    - Materials and methods 172
    - Results and discussion 173
    - Conclusions 178
    - Acknowledgements 179
    - References 179
  - Part:3: Monitoring Long Term and Large Scale Environmental Trends 181
    - Chapter 12. The Structure of Animal Communities as Bioindicators of Landscape Deterioration 181
      - Introduction 181
      - Abstract 181
      - Invertebrate communities - methods of study 182
      - Invertebrate communities - use of research results 185
      - Bird communities - methods of study 186
      - Bird communities - use of research results 187
      - References 194
    - Chapter 13. Biomonitoring of Environmental Change Using Plant Distribution Patterns 195
      - Introduction 195
      - Abstract 195
      - Plant distribution and biomonitoring 196
      - Conclusion 205
      - References 205
    - Chapter 14. Numerical Estimation of Climate from Indicator Plants 207
      - Abstract 207
      - Material and methods 209
      - Methods 209
      - Results and discussion 211
      - Acknowledgements 219
      - References 219
      - Conclusions 219
    - Chapter 15. Land Use and Ecological Change in Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty 223
      - Abstract 223
      - Introduction 223
      - Peatland exploitation in the Sperrins AONB 225
      - Methods 225
      - Management issues 228
      - Wetland management in Upper Lough Erne 230
      - Resource distribution and land use 231
      - Management issues 232
      - Field boundary structure and function 233
      - Regional variation 234
      - Variation with elevation 234
      - Hedge management issues 236
      - Discussion 237
      - Acknowledgements 238
      - References 238
    - Chapter 16. The Use of Radish as a Bioindicator in an International Programme for Evaluating the Effects of Air Pollution on Agr 241
      - Abstract 241
      - Introduction 241
      - Methods 244
      - Results and discussion 245
      - References 249
      - Acknowledgements 249
    - Part:4. Basic Research in Biomonitoring 251
      - Chapter 17. Mussel as a Test Animal for Assessing Environmental Pollution and the Sub-lethals Effect of Pollutants 251
        
        Abstract 251
        
        Introduction 251
        
        Use of mussels in detecting the presence of pollutants 252
        
        Use of mussels for the fast detection of sub-lethal toxic effect of pollutants 253
        
        Effect of heavy metals on the siphon-activity 255
        
        Use of mussels in long term detection of sub-lethal toxic effects of pollutants 258
        
        Discussion 258
        
        References 259
      - Chapter 18. Behavioural Responses to Pollutants - Application in Freshwater Bioassays 261
        
        Abstract 261
        
        Behavioural toxicity studies 261
        
        (1) Construction skills 262
        
        Role of behavioural toxicity tests as bioassays of water quality 267
        
        Conclusions 268
        
        Acknowledgements 268
      - Chapter 19. Detection of Antialgal Compounds of Water Hyacinth 271
        
        Abstract 271
        
        Introduction 271
        
        Materials and methods 272
        
        Experimental 273
        
        Discussion 276
        
        References 277
      - Chapter 20. Lichens as Biological Indicators - Recent Developments 279
        
        Introduction 279
        
        Abstract 279
        
        Sulphur dioxide 280
        
        Damage due to gaseous air pollutants 281
        
        Acid rain 281
        
        Metallic pollutants 282
        
        Damage due to metallic pollutants 283
        
        Radionuclides 284
        
        Chlorinated hydrocarbons 284
        
        Concluding remarks 285
        
        References 285
      - Chapter 21. Natural Bacterial Communities as Indicators of Pollutants in Aquatic Environments 289
        
        Abstract 289
        
        Principle of method 290
        
        Purpose of the procedure 290
        
        Applications: actual and potential 293
        
        References 293
      - Chapter 22. Use of Phosphatase Assays with Algae to Assess Phosphorus Status of Aquatic Environments 311
        
        Abstract 311
        
        Introduction 312
        
        Occurrence of phosphatases in algae 313
        
        Previous literature on phosphatase as an environmental indicator 314
        
        Influence of environmental factors on development of phosphatase activity 315
        
        Practical examples 320
        
        Conclusions 322
        
        Acknowledgement 323
        
        References 323
      - Chapter 23.The Toxicity of Fresh Water : Estuarine Bioindicators 327
        
        Abstract 327
        
        Introduction 327
        
        Estuarine species 328
        
        Indicator species 329
        
        Bioconcentration 331
        
        Individuals as pollution indicators 334
        
        Conclusions 336
        
        Acknowledgements 336
        
        References 337
      - Chapter 24. The Use of Leaf Surface Inhabiting Yeast as Monitors of Air Pollution by Sulphur Dioxide 339
        
        Abstract 339
        
        Introduction 339
        
        Methodology 340
        
        Mechanisms of reduction of yeast populations by air pollutants Experimental findings 346
        
        Laboratory exposures 349
        
        Methods 349
        
        Future laboratory work 352
        
        Possible modes of action of sulphur dioxide 352
        
        Evaluation of the spore-fall method 354
        
        References 355
      - Chapter 25. Evaluation of a Chronic Toxicity Test Using Growth of the Insect Chironomus riparius Meigen 359
        
        Abstract 359
        
        Introduction 359
        
        Materials and methods 360
        
        Results 361
        
        Discussion 364
        
        Acknowledgements 366
        
        References 366
      - Chapter 26. An Assessment of Field and Laboratory Methods for Evaluating the Toxicity of Ammonia to Gammarus pulex (L.) - Effect 369
        
        Abstract 369
        
        Introduction 369
        
        Materials and methods 370
        
        Results 373
        
        Discussion 376
        
        Acknowledgements 377
        
        References 378
      - Chapter 27. Effect of Ecological Factors on the Toxicity of CuS04 in Fishes 381
        
        Abstract 381
        
        Introduction 381
        
        Materials and methods 382
        
        Results and discussion 384
        
        References 392
      - Chapter 28. Effect of Hypoxia and Copper Sulphate on the Structure of Liver and Kidney of Carp 395
        
        Abstract 395
        
        Introduction 395
        
        Materials and methods 396
        
        Results 396
        
        Discussion 400
        
        References 402
      - Chapter 29. Ion Channels of Nerve Membrane as Targets for Environmental Pollutants 405
        
        Abstract 405
        
        Introduction 405
        
        Materials and methods 406
        
        Results 407
        
        Discussion 413
        
        References 414
      - Chapter 30. Colonization of Artificial Substrata as a Multi-Species Bioassay of Marine Environmental Quality 417
        
        Introduction 417
        
        Abstract 417
        
        Colonization as a sensitive process 419
        
        Using artificial substrata 420
        
        Analysis of colonization data 424
        
        Discussion 426
        
        References 427
        
        Acknowledgements 427
      - Chapter 31. Evidence for Glutathione-S-Transferase Activity in Mytilus edulis as an Index of Chemical Pollution in Marine Estuar 435
        
        Abstract 435
        
        Introduction 435
        
        Results 437
        
        Experimental 437
        
        Discussion 438
        
        References 440
      - Chapter 32. Electro-reception and Aquatic Biomonitoring 443
        
        Introduction 443
        
        Abstract 443
        
        Materials and methods 444
        
        Results 447
        
        Discussion and conclusions 448
        
        References 449
      - Chapter 33. Distribution of the Otter Lutra lutra in Ireland, and Its Value as an Indicator of Habitat Quality 451
        
        Abstract 451
        
        Introduction 451
        
        Methods 453
        
        Results 454
        
        Discussion 456
        
        Acknowledgements 457

Description

TOC

Reviews (0)