Exergy Analysis of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning

Description

Improve and optimize efficiency of HVAC and related energy systems from an exergy perspective. From fundamentals to advanced applications, Exergy Analysis of Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration provides readers with a clear and concise description of exergy analysis and its many uses.

Focusing on the application of exergy methods to the primary technologies for heating, refrigerating, and air conditioning, Ibrahim Dincer and Marc A. Rosen demonstrate exactly how exergy can help improve and optimize efficiency, environmental performance, and cost-effectiveness. The book also discusses the analysis tools available, and includes many comprehensive case studies on current and emerging systems and technologies for real-world examples.

From introducing exergy and thermodynamic fundamentals to presenting the use of exergy methods for heating, refrigeration, and air conditioning systems, this book equips any researcher or practicing engineer with the tools needed to learn and master the application of exergy analysis to these systems.

Explains the fundamentals of energy/exergy for practitioners/researchers in HVAC&R fields for improving efficiency
Covers environmental assessments and economic evaluations for a well-rounded approach to the subject
Includes comprehensive case studies on both current and emerging systems/technologies
Provides examples from a range of applications – from basic HVAC&R to more diverse processes such as industrial heating/cooling, cogeneration and trigeneration, and thermal storage

Front Cover 2
Exergy Analysis of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning: Methods and Applications 5
Copyright 6
Contents 7
Acknowledgments 11
Preface 13
Chapter 1: Exergy and its Ties to the Environment, Economics, and Sustainability 17
- 1.1. Introduction 17
- 1.2. Why Exergy? 18
- 1.3. Importance of Energy to Industry, Culture, and Living Standards 20
- 1.4. Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning and Their Energy Use 24
- 1.5. Benefits of Using Exergy Analysis for Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning 26
- 1.6. Energy and Exergy Fundamentals 28
  - 1.6.1. First Law of Thermodynamics 28
  - 1.6.2. Second Law of Thermodynamics 29

Front Cover 2
Exergy Analysis of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning: Methods and Applications 5
Copyright 6
Contents 7
Acknowledgments 11
Preface 13
Chapter 1: Exergy and its Ties to the Environment, Economics, and Sustainability 17
- 1.1. Introduction 17
- 1.2. Why Exergy? 18
- 1.3. Importance of Energy to Industry, Culture, and Living Standards 20
- 1.4. Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning and Their Energy Use 24
- 1.5. Benefits of Using Exergy Analysis for Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning 26
- 1.6. Energy and Exergy Fundamentals 28
  - 1.6.1. First Law of Thermodynamics 28
  - 1.6.2. Second Law of Thermodynamics 29
  - 1.6.3. Exergy 30
    - 1.6.3.1. Exergy Analysis 30
    - 1.6.3.2. Exergy of a Closed System 31
    - 1.6.3.3. Exergy of Flows 32
      - 1.6.3.3.1. Exergy of a Matter Flow 32
      - 1.6.3.3.2. Exergy of Thermal Energy 32
      - 1.6.3.3.4. Exergy of Electricity 33
      - 1.6.3.3.3. Exergy of Work 33
    - 1.6.3.4. Exergy Consumption 33
  - 1.6.4. Balances 34
    - 1.6.4.1. Conceptual Balances 34
    - 1.6.4.2. Detailed Balances 34
  - 1.6.5. Energy and Exergy Efficiencies 37
- 1.7. Approaches to Exergy and Other Second Law Analyses 38
  - 1.7.1. Illustrative Example 39
    - 1.7.1.1. First Law Analysis 40
    - 1.7.1.2. Second Law Analysis 41
  - 1.7.2. Implications of Second Law Analysis 43
- 1.8. Linkages Between Exergy, Economics, the Environment, and Sustainability 43
- 1.9. Relations Between Exergy and Economics 44
- 1.10. Relations Between Exergy and Environmental Impact and Ecology 47
- 1.11. Relations Between Exergy and Sustainability 51
- 1.12. Closing Remarks 53
- References 56
Chapter 2: Energy and Exergy Assessments 59
- 2.1. Introduction 59
- 2.2. Heat Exchangers (Heating/Cooling) 60
  - 2.2.1. Log Mean Temperature Difference Method 60
  - 2.2.2. ε-NTU (Effectiveness Analysis) 61
  - 2.2.3. Efficiencies 62
  - 2.2.4. Illustrative Example 63
    - 2.2.4.1. Results and Discussion 64
    - 2.2.4.2. Parametric Study 64
  - 2.3. Pumps 65
    - 2.3.1. Energy Efficiency 65
    - 2.3.3. Illustrative Example 66
      - 2.3.3.1. Results and Discussion 66
      - 2.3.3.2. Parametric Study 66
    - 2.3.2. Exergy Efficiency 66
    - 2.4. Compressors 67
      - 2.4.1. Efficiencies 68
      - 2.4.2. Illustrative Example 69
        
        2.4.2.1. Results and Discussion 70
        
        2.4.2.2. Parametric Study 70
      - 2.5. Fans 70
        
        2.5.1. Efficiencies 72
        
        2.5.2. Illustrative Example 72
      - 2.6. Throttling Valves 72
        
        2.6.2. Types of Throttling Devices 73
        
        2.6.1. Functions Performed by Throttling Devices in Refrigeration Systems 73
        
        2.6.3. Throttle Efficiencies 74
        
        2.6.4. Illustrative Example 74
        
        2.6.4.1. Results and Discussion 74
        
        2.6.4.2. Parametric Study 74
        
        2.7. Turbines 76
        
        2.7.1. Turbine Efficiencies 77
        
        2.7.2. Illustrative Example 77
        
        2.7.2.1. Results and Discussion 78
        
        2.7.2.2. Parametric Study 78
        
        2.8. Energy and Exergy Assessments of Psychrometric Processes 78
        
        2.9. Sensible Cooling (ω1=ω2) 81
        
        2.9.1. Efficiencies 82
        
        2.9.2. Illustrative Example 83
        
        2.9.2.1. Results and Discussion 83
        
        2.9.2.2. Parametric Studies 84
        
        2.10. Sensible Heating (ω1=ω2) 84
        
        2.10.1. Rate Balance Equations 86
        
        2.10.2. Efficiencies 86
        
        2.10.3. Illustrative Example 87
        
        2.10.3.1. Results and Discussion 87
        
        2.10.3.2. Parametric Studies 88
        
        2.11. Heating with Humidification 88
        
        2.11.1. Rate Balance Equations 90
        
        2.11.2. Efficiencies 91
        
        2.11.3. Illustrative Example 92
        
        2.11.3.1. Results and Discussion 92
        
        2.11.3.2. Parametric Studies 93
        
        2.12. Cooling with Dehumidification 93
        
        2.12.1. Rate Balance Equations 95
        
        2.12.2. Efficiencies 96
        
        2.12.3. Illustrative Example 96
        
        2.12.3.1. Results and Discussion 97
        
        2.12.3.2. Parametric Study 97
        
        2.13. Adiabatic Mixing of Air Streams 99
        
        2.13.1. Rate Balance Equations 99
        
        2.13.2. Illustrative Example 100
        
        2.13.2.1. Results and Discussion 100
        
        2.13.2.2. Parametric Study 101
        
        2.14. Evaporative Cooling 102
        
        2.14.1. Rate Balance Equations 102
        
        2.14.2. Efficiencies 102
        
        2.15. Integrated System 103
        
        2.15.1. Rate Balance Equations 104
        
        2.15.2. Results and Discussion 107
        
        2.15.2.1. The Results of Exergy Destruction Rates 107
        
        2.15.2.2. Efficiency Results 108
        
        2.15.2.3. Parametric Study 109
        
        2.16. Closing Remarks 112
        
        References 113
        
        Chapter 3: Industrial Heating and Cooling Systems 115
        
        3.1. Introduction 115
        
        3.3. Renewable Heating and Cooling 117
        
        3.3.1. Solar Energy 119
        
        3.3.2. Geothermal Energy 120
        
        3.2. Industrial Process Heating Temperatures 117
        
        3.4. Requirements and Systems for Low- to Medium-Temperature Industrial Heating and Cooling 120
        
        3.5. Industrial Heat Pumps 123
        
        3.6. Combustion-Based Process Heating 125
        
        3.7. Electric Process Heating 127
        
        3.8. Steam-Based Process Heating Systems 128
        
        3.9. Case Study 129
        
        3.9.1. Analysis 130
        
        3.9.2. Heating Devices 132
        
        3.9.2.1. Burner 132
        
        3.9.2.2. Furnace 132
        
        3.9.2.3. Boiler 133
        
        3.9.2.4. Heat Exchangers 134
        
        3.9.3. Rate Balances Equation for Remainder of System 134
        
        3.9.3.1. Condenser 134
        
        3.9.3.4. Compressor 135
        
        3.9.3.2. Expansion Valve 135
        
        3.9.3.3. Evaporator 135
        
        3.9.3.5. Fan 136
        
        3.10. Results and Discussion 136
        
        3.10.1. Efficiencies and Other Measures of Merit 137
        
        3.10.2. Exergy Destruction Rates 137
        
        3.10.3. Parametric Analysis 138
        
        3.10.3.1. Effect of Ambient Temperature 139
        
        3.10.3.3. Effect of Varying Refrigerant and Water Temperature in Heat Pump Cycle 140
        
        3.10.3.2. Effect of Pressure and Temperature of Condenser 140
        
        3.11. Further Discussion 142
        
        3.12. Closing Remarks 143
        
        References 144
        
        Chapter 4: Heat Pump Systems 147
        
        4.1. Introduction 147
        
        4.2. Heat Pump Efficiencies 148
        
        4.2.1. Coefficient of Performance 149
        
        4.2.2. Primary Energy Ratio 150
        
        4.2.3. Energy Efficiency Ratio 150
        
        4.2.4. Heating Season Performance Factor 150
        
        4.2.5. Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio 151
        
        4.3. Classification of Heat Pump Systems 151
        
        4.3.1. Type of Heat Source 153
        
        4.3.1.1. Air 153
        
        4.3.1.2. Water 155
        
        4.3.1.3. Ground and Geothermal 157
        
        4.3.1.4. Solar 158
        
        4.3.2. Heat Source/Heat Sink Configuration 158
        
        4.3.2.1. Water-to-Water Heat Pumps 159
        
        4.3.2.2. Water-to-Air and Air-to-Water Heat Pumps 159
        
        4.3.2.3. Air-to-Air Heat Pumps 160
        
        4.3.2.4. Ground-to-Water and Ground-to-Air Heat Pumps 160
        
        4.4. Assessment of Basic Heat Pump: Energy and Exergy Analyses of Vapor Compression Heat Pump Cycle 161
        
        4.5. Heat Pump Applications 166
        
        4.5.1. Residential Applications 168
        
        4.5.2. Industrial Applications 168
        
        4.6. Case Studies 171
        
        4.6.1. General Assumptions and Simplifications 171
        
        4.6.2. System 1 172
        
        4.6.3. System 2 173
        
        4.6.4. System 3 177
        
        4.6.5. System 4 178
        
        4.6.6. Overall Comparison of Systems 181
        
        4.7. Closing Remarks 181
        
        References 183
        
        Chapter 5: Cogeneration, Multigeneration, and Integrated Energy Systems 185
        
        5.1. Introduction 185
        
        5.2. Cogeneration 188
        
        5.2.1. Case Study 193
        
        5.2.1.1. Case1: Fuel Cogeneration vs. Fuel Electricity Generation and Fuel Heating 193
        
        5.2.1.2. Case2: Nuclear Cogeneration vs. Nuclear Electricity Generation and Fuel Heating 194
        
        5.2.1.3. Case3: Fuel Cogeneration vs. Fuel Electricity Generation and Electrical Heating 195
        
        5.2.1.4. Energy and Exergy Efficiencies 196
        
        5.2.1.6. Further Discussion 198
        
        5.2.1.5. Impact of Cogeneration on Environmental Emissions 198
        
        5.3. Trigeneration 199
        
        5.3.1. Case Study 201
        
        5.3.1.1. System Description 201
        
        5.3.1.2. Analysis 204
        
        5.3.1.3. Results and Discussion 206
        
        5.4. Integrated Systems 209
        
        5.4.1. Case Study: Integrated System for HVACR Applications 209
        
        5.4.1.1. Analysis 210
        
        5.4.1.2. Results and Discussion 214
        
        5.5. District Heating and Cooling 216
        
        5.5.1. Case Study: Cogeneration-Based District Energy 221
        
        5.5.1.1. Original System 221
        
        5.5.1.2. Modified System 221
        
        5.5.1.3. Approach and Data 222
        
        5.5.1.5. Results 225
        
        5.5.1.4. Preliminary Analysis 225
        
        5.5.1.6. Discussion 229
        
        5.6. Closing Remarks 230
        
        References 233
        
        Chapter 6: Heat Storage Systems 237
        
        6.1. Introduction 237
        
        6.2. Performance Considerations in Heat Storage Systems 240
        
        6.2.1. Principal Thermodynamic Factors in Heat Storage Systems 241
        
        6.2.2. Energy and Exergy Analyses of Heat Storage Systems 243
        
        6.2.3. Environmental Impacts of Heat Storage Systems 245
        
        6.3. Classification of Heat Storage Systems 246
        
        6.3.1. Storage Duration 247
        
        6.3.2. Temperature Range 247
        
        6.3.3. Storage Capacity 248
        
        6.3.4. Underground Thermal Energy Storage 249
        
        6.4. Heat Storage Systems for Heating Applications 252
        
        6.4.1. Thermodynamic Analysis of Heat Storage Systems for Heating Applications 254
        
        6.4.1.1. Charging Process 255
        
        6.4.1.2. Storing Process 255
        
        6.4.1.3. Discharging Process 256
        
        6.4.1.4. Energy and Exergy Efficiencies 257
        
        6.4.2. Illustrative Example 257
        
        6.4.2.1. Energy Efficiency Comparison 258
        
        6.4.2.1.2. System Y 258
        
        6.4.2.1.1. System X 258
        
        6.4.2.2. Exergy Efficiency Comparison 259
        
        6.4.2.2.2. System Y 259
        
        6.4.2.2.1. System X 259
        
        6.4.3. Case Study of a Macroscale Application: Borehole Storage at UOIT (Canada) 261
        
        6.4.4. Thermodynamic Analysis of ATES 261
        
        6.4.4.1. ATES Model 263
        
        6.4.4.2. Energy and Exergy Analyses 264
        
        6.4.4.2.1. Charging and Discharging 265
        
        6.4.4.2.2. Balances and Efficiencies 266
        
        6.4.4.2.3. Simplifications, Analysis, and Results 268
        
        6.4.4.2.4. Discussion 269
        
        6.5. Heat Storage Systems for Cooling Applications 272
        
        6.5.1. CTES Storage Media Selection and Characteristics 273
        
        6.5.2. Thermodynamic Analysis of Heat Storage Systems for Cooling Applications 275
        
        6.5.2.1. Charging Process 275
        
        6.5.2.2. Storing Process 276
        
        6.5.2.3. Discharging Process 277
        
        6.5.2.4. Energy and Exergy Efficiencies 277
        
        6.5.3. Illustrative Example 278
        
        6.5.3.1. Assumptions and Specified Data 278
        
        6.5.3.2. Results and Discussion 279
        
        6.6. Case Studies 280
        
        6.6.2. Anova Verzekering Co. Building (The Netherlands) 281
        
        6.6.3. Kraft General Foods Headquarters Building (Northfield, Illinois) 281
        
        6.6.1. Microscale Application: Advanced Heat Storage System through PCMs 281
        
        6.6.5. San Francisco Marriott Hotel (San Francisco, California) 282
        
        6.6.4. Chrysler's New Technology Development Center (Auburn Hills, Michigan) 282
        
        6.6.6. Texas A&M University (Corpus Christi, Texas) 283
        
        6.7. Detailed Illustrative Example: Exergy Analysis of UOIT BTES 283
        
        6.7.1. Analysis Assumptions 285
        
        6.7.2. Exergy Balances and Efficiencies 285
        
        6.7.3. Performance Assessment 287
        
        6.8. Closing Remarks 290
        
        References 292
        
        Chapter 7: Renewable Energy-Based Building HVAC Systems 295
        
        7.1. Introduction 295
        
        7.2. Case Study1 297
        
        7.2.1. System Description 297
        
        7.2.2. Assumptions in Thermodynamic Analyses 297
        
        7.2.3. Balance Equations 298
        
        7.2.3.1. Combustion Chamber 298
        
        7.2.3.2. Heat Exchanger 1 299
        
        7.2.3.3. Generator 300
        
        7.2.3.4. Condenser 300
        
        7.2.3.6. Evaporator 301
        
        7.2.3.7. Absorber 301
        
        7.2.3.5. Throttling Valve 1 301
        
        7.2.3.8. Solution Pump 302
        
        7.2.3.9. Solution Heat Exchanger 302
        
        7.2.3.10. Throttling Valve 2 302
        
        7.2.4. Energy Efficiencies of the System and Its Main Sections for Case Study 1 302
        
        7.2.4.1. Heating Cycle 302
        
        7.2.4.3. Overall System 303
        
        7.2.4.2. Vapor Absorption Chiller 303
        
        7.2.5. Exergy Efficiencies of the System and Its Main Sections for Case Study 1 303
        
        7.2.5.1. Heating Cycle 303
        
        7.2.5.2. Vapor Absorption Chiller 303
        
        7.2.5.3. Overall System 303
        
        7.2.6. Results and Discussion 304
        
        7.3. Case Study2 308
        
        7.3.2. Balance Equations 308
        
        7.3.2.1. Flat Plate Collector 308
        
        7.3.2.2. Heater 310
        
        7.3.2.5. Expansion Valve 310
        
        7.3.2.3. Compressor 310
        
        7.3.2.4. Condenser 1 310
        
        7.3.2.6. Evaporator 1 311
        
        7.3.1. System Description 308
        
        7.3.3. Energy Efficiencies of the System and its Main Sections for Case Study 2 311
        
        7.3.3.3. Overall System 311
        
        7.3.3.1. Heat Pump 311
        
        7.3.3.2. Vapor Absorption Chiller 311

Author's affiliation

Ibrahim Dincer: University of Ontario Institute of Technology
Marc A. Rosen: University of Ontario Institute of Technology

Methods and Applications

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Author's affiliation