Reactive Hydrocarbons in the Atmosphere

Description

The vast family of volatile organic compounds plays a central role in the chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere. Reactive Hydrocarbons in the Atmosphere provides comprehensive and up-to-date reviews covering all aspects of the behavior, sources, occurrence, and chemistry of these compounds. The book considers both biogenic and anthropogenic sources, plus their effects in the atmosphere at local, regional, and global scales.

Covers a major component of atmospheric chemistry and air pollution
Considers both natural background chemistry and pollution processes
Provides authoritative reviews for a wide range of audiences

Front Cover 2
Reactive Hydrocarbons in the Atmosphere 5
Copyright Page 6
Contents 7
Contributors 11
Preface 13
Chapter 1. Anthropogenic Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds 15
- I. Introduction 16
- II. Combustion Processes 17
- III. Mining, Treatment, Storage and Distribution of Fossil Fuels 27
- IV. Solvent Use 32
- V. Industrial Processes 37
- VI. Biological Processes 38
- VII. Modelling Anthropogenic Volatile Organic Compound Emissions 39
- VIII. Emission Data 43

Front Cover 2
Reactive Hydrocarbons in the Atmosphere 5
Copyright Page 6
Contents 7
Contributors 11
Preface 13
Chapter 1. Anthropogenic Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds 15
- I. Introduction 16
- II. Combustion Processes 17
- III. Mining, Treatment, Storage and Distribution of Fossil Fuels 27
- IV. Solvent Use 32
- V. Industrial Processes 37
- VI. Biological Processes 38
- VII. Modelling Anthropogenic Volatile Organic Compound Emissions 39
- VIII. Emission Data 43
- IX. Conclusions 51
- References 52
Chapter 2. Biogenic Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from Higher Plants 55
- I. Introduction 57
- II. Ethylene: A Volatile Plant Hormone 62
- III. Isoprene and Methylbutenol: Light-Dependent Hemi- terpenes of Uncertain Function 66
- IV. Monoterpenes: Structurally Diverse, Multifunctional Isoprenoids 79
- V. C6 Aldehydes and Alcohols: Products of Leaf Damage and Membrane Lipid Peroxidation 85
- VI. C1 to C3 Oxygenated Volatile Organic Compounds: By-Products of Central Plant Metabolism 90
- VII. Emission from the Plant to the Atmosphere 96
- VIII. Concluding Remarks and Uncertainties 100
- References 105
Chapter 3. Modeling Biogenic Volatile Organic Compound Emissions to the Atmosphere 111
- I. Emission Modeling 112
- II. Isoprene 115
- III. Monoterpenes 125
- IV. Other Volatile Organic Compounds 127
- V. Conclusions 129
- References 130
Chapter 4. The Sampling and Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere 133
- I. Introduction 134
- II. Sampling Methods 135
- III. Analytical Methods 150
- IV. Summary 166
- References 167
Chapter 5. Reactive Hydrocarbons in the Atmosphere at Urban and Regional Scales 173
- I. Introduction 174
- II. Volatile Organic Compounds in the Troposphere 177
- III. Reactive Volatile Organic Compounds at the Urban Scale 194
- IV. Reactive Volatile Organic Compounds at the Regional Scale 200
- V. Conclusions 215
- References 215
Chapter 6. Global Distribution of Reactive Hydrocarbons in the Atmosphere 223
- I. Introduction 224
- II. Campaigns 225
- III. Vertical Distribution 232
- IV. Ground-Level Distributions 244
- V. Conclusions 272
- References 273
Chapter 7. Reactive Hydrocarbons and Photochemical Air Pollution 281
- I. Introduction 282
- II. Reactive Hydrocarbons and Photochemical Ozone Formation 283
- III. Reactivity Scales 298
- IV. Conclusions 301
- References 303
Chapter 8. Global Atmospheric Chemistry of Reactive Hydrocarbons 307
- I. Hydroxyl Radical 308
- II. Methane Oxidation 310
- III. Chemical Lifetimes in the Methane Oxidation Chain 320
- IV. Nonmethane Organics in the Global Atmosphere 321
- V. Ozone Formation in the Troposphere 328
- VI. Conclusions 331
References 331
Index 335

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