1991 Solar World Congress

Description

The ISES Solar World Congress, held in Denver, Colorado in August 1991 attracted over 1000 participants from nearly 70 countries, making it the largest solar energy event of its kind in the world. As a lasting record of that congress, 630 papers are published here in 4 volumes of proceedings. Volume 1 is dedicated to solar energy, biofuels and renewable resources. Volume 2 contains papers on active solar and solar heat. Passive solar, socio-economic and educational aspects are considered in Volume 3, and finally the plenary sessions, and the Farrington Daniels lecture are published in Volume 4. 1991 Solar World Congress presents the very latest advances in the utilization of alternative energy resources and technology.

Front Cover 2
1991 Solar World Congress, Part I 5
Copyright Page 6
1991 ISES SOLAR WORLD CONGRESS Working Committes 7
- Organizing Committee 7
- International Advisory Committee 7
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 9
INTERNATIONAL SOLAR ENERGY SOCIETY 11
- OFFICE BEARERS AND DIRECTORS 1990-1991 12
- HONORARY DIRECTORS 12
- DIRECTORS 13
INTERNATIONAL SOLAR ENERGY SOCIETY SECTION CONTACTS 14
AMERICAN SOLAR ENERGY SOCIETY 16
FOREWORD 17
Table of Contents 21

Front Cover 2
1991 Solar World Congress, Part I 5
Copyright Page 6
1991 ISES SOLAR WORLD CONGRESS Working Committes 7
- Organizing Committee 7
- International Advisory Committee 7
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 9
INTERNATIONAL SOLAR ENERGY SOCIETY 11
- OFFICE BEARERS AND DIRECTORS 1990-1991 12
- HONORARY DIRECTORS 12
- DIRECTORS 13
INTERNATIONAL SOLAR ENERGY SOCIETY SECTION CONTACTS 14
AMERICAN SOLAR ENERGY SOCIETY 16
FOREWORD 17
Table of Contents 21
Part 1: Photovoltaic Thin-Film Materials and Devices 31
- CHAPTER 1. POLYCRYSTALUNE THIN FILM PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGY 33
  - INTRODUCTION 33
  - ABSTRACT 33
  - KEYWORDS 33
  - COPPER INDIUM DISELENIDE 34
  - CADMIUM TELLURIDE 35
  - POLYCRYSTALLINE THIN SILICON FILMS 37
  - CONCLUSIONS 38
  - ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 38
  - POLYCRYSTALLINE THIN FILM MODULE DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE 38
  - REFERENCES 38
- CHAPTER 2. THE PHOTOVOLTAIC AMORPHOUS SILICON RESEARCH PROGRAM IN THE UNITED STATES 39
  - Introduction 39
  - Amorphous Silicon Research Program Structure 39
  - Abstract 39
  - Present Program Status 41
  - Amorphous Silicon Research Program Direction 42
  - Other National Programs 43
  - References 44
  - Conclusions 44
- CHAPTER 3. A STUDY OF HYDROGEN, OXYGEN AND NITROGEN BONDING IN SPUTTERED a-Si THIN FILMS BY INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY 45
  - ABSTRACT 45
  - KEYWORDS 45
  - INTRODUCTION 45
  - EXPERIMENTAL 46
  - RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 47
  - ACKNOLEDGEMENT 50
  - REFERENCES 50
  - CONCLUSION 50
- CHAPTER 4. ISSUES CONCERNING THE DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF POLYCRYSTALLINE THIN-FILM Cu(In,Ga)Se2-BASED PHOTOVOLTAIC MATERIALS A 51
  - INTRODUCTION 51
  - ABSTRACT 51
  - KEYWORDS 51
  - EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 52
  - REFERENCES 56
  - ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 56
- CHAPTER 5. OPEN CIRCUIT VOLTAGE OF SnO2 OR ITO-nSi SOLAR CELL 57
  - ABSTRACT 57
  - KEYWORDS 57
  - INTRODUCTION 57
  - RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 58
  - CONCLUSION 61
  - REFERENCES 61
- CHAPTER 6. SCATTERING MECHANISM AND ELECTRON TRANSPORT PROPERTIES IN CuInSe2 FILMS 62
  - KEYWORDS 62
  - INTRODUCTION 62
  - ABSTRACT 62
  - RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 63
  - EXPERIMENTAL 63
  - REFERENCES 67
- Part 2: Photovoltaic High Efficiency and Applications 69
  - CHAPTER 7. 10 MW PER YEAR SOLAR MODULE PRODUCTION MANUFACTURING COST ANALYSIS 71
    - KEYWORDS 71
    - INTRODUCTION 71
    - ABSTRACT 71
    - ANALYSIS 72
    - RESULTS 73
    - DISCUSSION 73
    - CONCLUSION 74
  - CHAPTER 8. CAN HIGH EFFICIENCY PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGIES ALSO BE LOW COST? 76
    - KEYWORDS 76
    - INTRODUCTION 76
    - ABSTRACT 76
    - ADVANCED CONCENTRATOR CELLS 77
    - CRYSTALLINE THIN-FILM FLAT-PLATE MODULES 79
    - ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 80
    - REFERENCES 80
  - CHAPTER 9. ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY OF LOCALLY MADE PV MODULES IN EGYPT 82
    - KEYWORDS 82
    - INTRODUCTION 82
    - ABSTRACT 82
    - PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE FABRICATION 82
    - ANALYSIS 83
    - EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 84
    - REFERENCES 85
  - CHAPTER 10. A NEW APPROACH TO HIGHER EFFICIENCY SOLAR CELLS BASED ON LOW DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES 86
    - KEYWORDS 86
    - ABSTRACT 86
    - REFERENCES 91
  - Chapter 11. Emitter-base coupling in highly illuminated solar cells 92
    - ABSTRACT 92
    - INTRODUCTION 92
    - THEORY 92
    - CONCLUSION 96
    - REFERENCES 96
  - CHAPTER 12. TERRESTRIAL APPLICATION OF GALLIUM ARSENIDE and SILICON ARRAY DESIGN FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES 97
    - ABSTRACT 97
    - INTRODUCTION 97
    - CONCLUSION 102
    - ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 102
    - REFERENCES 102
  - Part 3: Photovoltaic Modeling and Batteries 103
    - CHAPTER 13. NEW PROPOSALS FOR ENERGY RATING OF PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES 105
      - ABSTRACT 105
      - KEYWORDS 105
      - INTRODUCTION 105
      - APPROACH 106
      - RESULTS 107
      - REFERENCES 110
      - CONCLUSIONS 110
    - CHAPTER 14. A NUMERICAL ANALYSIS METHOD FOR COMPUTER MODELING PHOTOVOLTAIC I–V CURVES 111
      - ABSTRACT 111
      - KEYWORDS 111
      - INTRODUCTION 111
      - SOLVING THE SOLAR CELL EQUATION 112
      - FINDING THE SOLAR CELL EQUATION PARAMETERS 113
      - PRACTICAL USE OF THE MODEL 114
      - NOMENCLATURE 116
      - CONCLUSION 116
      - REFERENCES 116
      - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 116
    - CHAPTER 15. OPTIMIZED SOLAR PUMPING SYSTEM 117
      - ABSTRACT 117
      - KEYWORDS 117
      - INTRODUCTION 117
      - THREE PHASE DC/AC INVERTER 118
      - DC/DC CONVERTER 118
      - DESCRIPTION OF CONTROL SYSTEM 119
      - HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE DESIGN 120
      - REFERENCES 122
      - ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 122
    - CHAPTER 16. OPTIMIZATION OF A PUMPING LOAD BY RECONFIGURATIONS OR PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES 123
      - INTRODUCTION 123
      - ABSTRACT 123
      - OPTIMIZATION PROCEDURE 124
      - EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS 125
      - RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 126
      - REFERENCES 128
    - CHAPTER 17. SENSITIVITY OF PV BATTERIES TO ENVIRONMENTAL AND OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS 129
      - INTRODUCTION 129
      - ABSTRACT 129
      - KEY WORDS 129
      - METHODS 130
      - RESULTS 131
      - CONCLUSIONS 133
      - REFERENCES 134
      - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 134
    - CHAPTER 18. TESTS ON DEEP-DISCHARGE LEAD ACID BATTERIES FOR PV SYSTEMS 135
      - TEST BATTERIES 135
      - KEYWORDS 135
      - TEST PARAMETERS 135
      - INTRODUCTION 135
      - ABSTRACT 135
      - LABORATORY SETUP AND TEST OPERATION 136
      - TEST RESULTS 137
      - DATA PRESENTATION 138
      - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 140
      - REFERENCES 140
      - CONCLUSIONS 140
    - CHAPTER 19. PVISRAEL: A USER-FRIENDLY PC SOFTWARE PACKAGE FOR PREDICTING UTILITY-INTERTTE PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM PERFORMANCE 141
      - INTRODUCTION 141
      - ABSTRACT 141
      - KEYWORDS 141
      - PLANE OF ARRAY IRRADIANCE 142
      - POWER PLANT SIMULATION 142
      - INTER-ARRAY SHADING ANALYSIS 143
      - MAXIMUM ROTATION ANGLE 144
      - INVERTER CALCULATIONS 145
      - REFERENCES 146
      - SUMMARY 146
      - ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 146
    - Part 4: Large-Scale Photovoltaic Applications I 147
      - Chapter 20. Performance of Austin's 300-kilowatt Photovoltaic Power Plants 149
        
        BACKGROUND 149
        
        ABSTRACT 149
        
        PLANT DESCRIPTIONS 149
        
        KEYWORDS 149
        
        PLANT PERFORMANCES 150
        
        CONCLUSIONS 154
        
        REFERENCES 154
      - CHAPTER 21. ON OPTIMIZING CENTRAL-STATION PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR POWER SYSTEMS: THE ROLE OF FIELD LAYOUT, SHADING, TRACKING AND ARRA 155
        
        INTRODUCTION 155
        
        ABSTRACT 155
        
        KEYWORDS 155
        
        GROUND COVER RATIO, FIELD GEOMETRY AND ARRAY GEOMETRY 156
        
        LIMITATIONS ON TRACKING ANGLE 158
        
        IMPACT OF ELECTRICAL CONNECTIONS 158
        
        ARRAY SPACING FOR TWO-AXIS TRACKING SYSTEMS 158
        
        ACKNOWLEDGMENT 160
        
        REFERENCES 160
        
        OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 160
      - CHAPTER 22. 100 KW GRID-CONNECTED PV INSTALLATION ALONG MOTORWAY AND RAILWAY 161
        
        ABSTRACT 161
        
        KEYWORDS 161
        
        OVERVIEW 162
        
        LOCATION 162
        
        MECHANICAL CONSTRUCTION 162
        
        ELECTRICAL FIELD INSTALLATION 163
        
        INSTRUMENTATION 164
        
        INVERTER AND GRID CONNECTION 164
        
        OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCE 165
        
        FURTHER WORK 166
        
        REFERENCES 166
        
        RESULTS 166
      - CHAPTER 23. OPERATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC PLANTS IN THE DAILY SCHEDULES OF A POWER SYSTEM 167
        
        INTRODUCTION 167
        
        ABSTRACT 167
        
        KEYWORDS 167
        
        OVERVIEW OF THE INTEGRATED DISPATCH STRATEGY 168
        
        RULE-BASE FOR FORECASTING PV PLANT OUTPUT 169
        
        BUILDING THE EXPERT SYSTEM FOR CONTROL 170
        
        MAN-MACHINE INTERFACE FOR SIMULATING ON A PC 171
        
        REFERENCES 172
        
        CONCLUSIONS 172
      - CHAPTER 24. PHOTOVOLTAICS-UTILITY INTERCONNECTION: AN INTEGRATED APPROACH 173
        
        ABSTRACT 173
        
        KEYWORDS 173
        
        INTRODUCTION 173
        
        THE OPTIMIZATION METHODOLOGY 174
        
        INSOLATION AND PV POWER PRE-PROCESSOR 174
        
        SYSTEM OPERATIONAL FEATURES IDENTIFICATION 175
        
        REAL-TIME SYSTEM CONTROL IDENTIFICATION 176
        
        POWER SYSTEM SECURITY ANALYSIS 177
        
        PRODUCTION COST AND CAPACITY EXPANSION ANALYSIS 178
        
        REFERENCES 178
      - CHAPTER 25. A STANDARD 100 kW PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM FOR GRID CONNECTED AND STAND ALONE APPLICATIONS 179
        
        ABSTRACT 179
        
        KEYWORDS 179
        
        INTRODUCTION 179
        
        THE PLUG: GENERAL FEATURES 180
        
        THE PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY 181
        
        THE POWER CONDITIONING UNIT 183
        
        REFERENCES 184
      - Part 5: Large-Scale Photovoltaic Applications II 185
        
        CHAPTER 26. FEASIBILITY ASSESSMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS OF PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEMS 187
        
        INTRODUCTION 187
        
        ABSTRACT 187
        
        COST REQUIREMENT FOR AN ECONOMICAL PVCPS 187
        
        KEYWORDS 187
        
        PERFORMANCE PREDICTION OF PVCPS 188
        
        FORECASTING OF ARIZONA ELECTRICITY GENERATION 189
        
        DISCUSSION 191
        
        REFERENCES 192
        
        CONCLUSION 192
        
        Chapter 27. Photovoltaic/District-Heated and Desiccant-Cooled Solar Powered Community Using an Insulated Pond 193
        
        ABSTRACT 193
        
        INTRODUCTION 193
        
        DESIGN DATA 194
        
        DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM 194
        
        COMPUTER SIZING OF THE PROTOTYPE SYSTEM 196
        
        ECONOMICS 197
        
        SOLAR SYSTEM OPERATION 197
        
        REFERENCES 198
        
        CONCLUSION 198
        
        CHAPTER 28. RESIDENTIAL SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SIMULATION 199
        
        KEYWORDS 199
        
        INTRODUCTION 199
        
        ABSTRACT 199
        
        LOADSIM MODEL ENHANCEMENTS 200
        
        MODEL CALIBRATION 202
        
        EXAMPLE APPLICATION 203
        
        REFERENCES 204
        
        CHAPTER 29. COMPARISION OF SOME STANDARD PV SIMULATION PROGRAMS WITH THE SIMULATION SYSTEM INSEL 205
        
        KEYWORDS 205
        
        INTRODUCTION 205
        
        ABSTRACT 205
        
        THE SIMULATION SYSTEM INSEL 205
        
        A SMALL PV/BATTERY/LOAD-SYSTEM 206
        
        CONCLUSION 208
        
        REFERENCES 210
        
        ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 210
        
        CHAPTER 30. PV MODULE PERFORMANCES AFTER TEN YEARS OF CONTINUOUS OUTDOOR OPERATIONS 211
        
        ABSTRACT 211
        
        KEYWORDS 211
        
        INTRODUCTION 211
        
        PV MODULE LIFE-TIME 212
        
        MEASUREMENT DESCRIPTION 213
        
        DATA ELABORATION 214
        
        CONCLUSIVE REMARKS 215
        
        REFERENCES 215
        
        CHAPTER 31. COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF A 10 KW PHOTOVOLTAIC PILOT PLANT 216
        
        PILOT PLANT DESCRIPTION 216
        
        ABSTRACT 216
        
        KEYWORDS 216
        
        PERFORMANCE COMPARISON 217
        
        PROJECT SPONSORS 217
        
        SYSTEM AVAILABILITY AND EFFICIENCY 218
        
        INSOLATION DATA 218
        
        PEAK DEMAND COMPARISON 219
        
        ACKNOWLEDGMENT 220
        
        COST EVALUATION 220
        
        CONCLUSION 220
        
        REFERENCES 221
        
        Part 6: Small-Scale Photovoltaic Applications I 223
        
        Chapter 32. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF PHOTOVOLTAICS IN AGRICULTURE 225
        
        KEYWORDS 225
        
        INTRODUCTION 225
        
        ABSTRACT 225
        
        DESCRIPTION OF APPLICATIONS 226

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