Nutrition of Grazing Ruminants in Warm Climates

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From the Preface
The objective of this book is to review the basic knowledge and methodology of feeding grazing ruminants in tropical and semitropical countries. It is hoped this information will be of use to farmers, research specialists, teachers, students, extension specialists, feed manufacturers, and others throughout the world concerned with the nutrition of grazing ruminants. A unique feature is the identification of nutritional limitations of grazing ruminants in the tropics, which will be beneficial for increasing animal production efficiency through the application of improved nutrition. A large number of photographs illustrate nutritional deficiencies and conditions in tropical countries.
This book contains 18 chapters concerned with the nutrition of grazing ruminants. The first chapter deals with the contributions, locations, and various types of ruminants and their importance to human welfare in the tropics and subtropics. Chapters 2 - 4 progress through nutrient requirements of grazing ruminants in warm climates, the effects of tropical heat on these requirements, and water requirements for ruminant species. Chapters 5 - 7 discuss grass and legume forage species suitable for tropical regions, pasture management procedures, and energy-protein supplementation programs needed during the extensive dry periods. The importance of tropical forages and soils toward meeting mineral requirements is discussed in Chapter 8. Chapters 9 -14 contain concise, up-to-date summaries of minerals emphasizing mineral status, incidence of mineral deficiencies and excesses in tropical regions, and benefits and methods of mineral supplementation for grazing ruminants are discussed in Chapters 15 - 17. Chapter 18 reviews vitamin nutrition considerations for ruminants consuming tropical forages.

Nutrition of Grazing Ruminants in Warm Climates 5
Copyright Page 6
Dedication 7
Table of Contents 9
Contributors 15
Foreword 17
Preface 19
Chapter 1. The Role of Ruminants in Warm Climates 23
- I. Introduction 23
- II. What are the Ruminants? 25
- III. Contributions of Domestic Ruminants to Human Welfare 34
- IV. Improving the Efficiency of Tropical Ruminants 39
- References 40
Chapter 2. Nutrient Requirements of Ruminants 43
- I. General Requirements 43

Nutrition of Grazing Ruminants in Warm Climates 5
Copyright Page 6
Dedication 7
Table of Contents 9
Contributors 15
Foreword 17
Preface 19
Chapter 1. The Role of Ruminants in Warm Climates 23
- I. Introduction 23
- II. What are the Ruminants? 25
- III. Contributions of Domestic Ruminants to Human Welfare 34
- IV. Improving the Efficiency of Tropical Ruminants 39
- References 40
Chapter 2. Nutrient Requirements of Ruminants 43
- I. General Requirements 43
- II. Energy–Protein Requirements 44
- III. Factors Influencing Mineral Requirements 50
- IV. Nutritional Relationships to Diseases and Parasites 54
- V. Environment and Stress 55
- References 56
- VI. Nonnutrient Factors Affecting Requirements 56
Chapter 3. Water Requirements for Grazing Ruminants and Water as a Source of Minerals 59
- I. Introduction 59
- II. Water Turnover in Ruminants 61
- IV. Effect of Dry Matter Intake on Water Consumption 62
- III. Voluntary Intake of Water 62
- V. Effect of Water Deprivation on Feed Intake and Utilization 64
- VI. Effect of Temperature on Water Intake and Digestibility of Nutrients 66
- VII. Effect of Salinity on Water Consumption 67
- VIII. Water and Electrolyte Metabolism 70
- IX. Nutrient Elements in Water 71
- X. Toxic Elements and Substances in Drinking Water 72
- XI. Summary 76
- References 77
Chapter 4. Thermal Stress as a Factor Associated with Nutrient Requirements and Interrelationships 81
- I. Introduction 81
- II. Physiological Responses of Ruminants to Thermal Stress 82
- III. Metabolic and Hormonal Responses to Thermal Stress 83
- IV. Effects of Thermal Stress on Nutrient Requirements 84
- References 92
Chapter 5. Forages for Grazing Systems in Warm Climates 95
- I. Introduction 95
- II. Selected Warm-Climate Perennial Grass Types 97
- III. Selected Warm-Climate Perennial Legumes 113
- References 123
Chapter 6. Pasture Management for Optimum Ruminant Production 125
- I. Pasture Maintenance and Renovation 126
- II. Pasture Type and Grazing Management 131
- III. Grass–Legume Mixtures 134
- IV. Grazing Management Systems 137
- V. Herbage Quality 141
- VI. Pasture Use for Animal Production 144
- References 147
Chapter 7. Providing Energy–Protein Supplementation during the Dry Season 151
- I. Development of the Production System 152
- II. Improving Ruminant Production Potential of Dry-Season Forage 157
- III. Sources of Supplemental Crude Protein or Energy 161
- IV. Management for Forage Conservation and Efficient Dry-Season Feeding 176
- References 180
Chapter 8. Contribution of Tropical Forages and Soil toward Meeting Mineral Requirements of Grazing Ruminants 187
- I. Introduction 187
- II. Tropical Forages as Sources of Minerals 188
- III. Soils as Sources of Minerals 198
- References 207
Chapter 9. Calcium, Phosphorous, and Fluorine 211
- I. General 211
- II. Calcium and Phosphorus 212
- III. Fluorine 226
- References 232
Chapter 10. Common Salt (Sodium and Chlorine), Magnesium, and Potassium 235
- I. General 236
- II. Common Salt (Sodium and Chlorine) 236
- III. Magnesium 242
- IV. Potassium 250
- References 255
Chapter 11. Copper, Molybdenum, and Sulfur 259
- I. Introduction 259
- II. Metabolism of Copper and Molybdenum 260
- III. Copper and Molybdenum Requirements 261
- IV. Copper Deficiency 262
- V. Prevention and Control of Copper Deficiency 270
- VI. Toxicity of Copper and Molybdenum 271
- VII. Sulfur 273
- References 277
Chapter 12. Cobalt, Iodine, and Selenium 281
- I. General 281
- II. Cobalt 282
- III. Iodine 290
- IV. Selenium 297
- References 309
Chapter 13. Iron, Manganese, and Zinc 313
- I. General 313
- II. Iron 314
- III. Manganese 319
- IV. Zinc 326
- References 333
Chapter 14. Newly Discovered and Toxic Elements 339
- I. Introduction 339
- II. Toxic Elements 340
- III. Newly Discovered Trace Elements 349
- IV. Significance of Newly Discovered and Toxic Elements for Grazing Livestock 356
- References 357
Chapter 15. Detection of Mineral Status of Grazing Ruminants 361
- I. Introduction 361
- II. Clinical and Pathological Evaluation 362
- III. Analysis of Water, Soil, and Forage 363
- IV. Examination of Tissues and Fluids 365
- V. Response to Supplementation 368
- VI. Analyses Most Indicative of Mineral Status 369
- VII. A Mapping Technique for Determining Mineral Deficiencies and Toxicities 376
- References 377
Chapter 16. Incidence of Nutrient Deficiencies and Excesses in Tropical Regions and Beneficial Results of Mineral Supplementatio 381
- References 377
- I. Introduction 381
- II. Geographical Distribution of Nutritional Deficiencies and Toxicities 382
- III. Energy-Protein Deficiencies in Ruminants 383
- IV. Incidence of Mineral Deficiencies and Toxicities 386
- V. Mineral Supplementation Results 391
- VI. Disease Conditions Related to Minerals 394
- VII. Seasonal Needs for Supplemental Minerals 398
- VIII. Economic Benefits from Mineral Supplementation 399
Chapter 17. Free-Choice Mineral Supplementation and Methods of Mineral Evaluation 405
- I. Introduction 405
- II. Methods of Providing Minerals to Grazing Livestock 406
- III. Free-Choice Mineral Supplementation 407
- IV. Factors Affecting Mineral Consumption 408
- V. Selecting a Free-Choice Mineral Supplement 417
- VI. Information Required for Mineral Supplement Formulation 418
- VII. Calculations Required for Mineral Supplement Formulation 422
- VIII. Mineral Supplement Evaluation 424
- References 428
Chapter 18. Vitamin Nutrition for Ruminants 431
- I. Introduction 431
- II. Vitamin A 432
- III. Vitamin D 441
- IV. Vitamin Ε 443
- V. Vitamin Κ 444
- VI. B-Complex Vitamins 445
- VII. Providing Vitamin Supplements 449
- References 450
- Appendix 453
Index 457

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