Encyclopedia of Environmental Control Technology: Volume 7

Description

This volume focuses on the effects of various toxic agents on human health. It covers advances in research, testing, remediation, and removal methods.

Front Cover 2
Encyclopedia of Envirornmental Control Technology: High-Hazard Pollutants 5
Copyright Page 6
Table of Contents 7
CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME 11
PREFACE 15
Chapter 1. Providing Environmental Information to Risk Takers 19
- WHY COMMUNICATE WITH RISK TAKERS? 19
- MEASURING RISK TAKING 20
- ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN COMMUNICATING RISK TO RISK TAKERS 22
- SUMMARY AND IMPLICATIONS 23
- REFERENCES 24
Chapter 2. Minimization of Hazardous Waste: Policy and Practices in the United States 27
- INTRODUCTION 27
- WASTE MINIMIZATION TECHNIQUES 29

Front Cover 2
Encyclopedia of Envirornmental Control Technology: High-Hazard Pollutants 5
Copyright Page 6
Table of Contents 7
CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME 11
PREFACE 15
Chapter 1. Providing Environmental Information to Risk Takers 19
- WHY COMMUNICATE WITH RISK TAKERS? 19
- MEASURING RISK TAKING 20
- ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN COMMUNICATING RISK TO RISK TAKERS 22
- SUMMARY AND IMPLICATIONS 23
- REFERENCES 24
Chapter 2. Minimization of Hazardous Waste: Policy and Practices in the United States 27
- INTRODUCTION 27
- WASTE MINIMIZATION TECHNIQUES 29
- FACTORS THAT PROMOTE OR INHIBIT WASTE MINIMIZATION 41
- GOVERNMENT EFFORTS TOWARD WASTE MINIMIZATION 47
- RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUMMARY 52
- Appendix A 55
- REFERENCES 55
Chapter 3. Bladder Cancer of Workers Exposed to Aromatic Amines 59
- INTRODUCTION 59
- EFFECT OF SPECIFIC AMINES 60
- IMPLICATIONS FOR MODELS OF CARCINOGENESIS 63
- IMPLICATIONS FOR EXPOSURE CONTROL AND MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE 66
- REFERENCES 67
Chapter 4. Physiological Factors Affecting the Behavior of Organic Solvent Vapors in Humans 71
- INTRODUCTION 71
- SIGNIFICANCE OF METABOLISM IN THE TOXICOKINETICS OF ORGANIC SOLVENT VAPORS 76
- PHYSIOLOGICALLY BASED TOXICOKINETIC MODEL FOR ORGANIC SOLVENT VAPORS 78
- RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXTERNAL DOSE AND INTERNAL DOSE 80
- FACTORS AFFECTING TOXICOKINETICS OF ORGANIC SOLVENTS 83
Chapter 5. Organophosphate Poisoning 105
- INTRODUCTION 105
- COLOR CATEGORIZATION OF ORGANOPHOSPHATES 106
- MANAGEMENT AND FIRST AID FOR ORGANOPHOSPHATE POISONING 110
- TREATMENT 112
- REFERENCES 113
Chapter 6. High-Level Radioactive Waste Management 117
- INTRODUCTION 118
- A GEOLOGIC REPOSITORY 136
- MONITORED RETRIEVABLE STORAGE 146
- TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 156
- HLRWM IN OTHER COUNTRIES 165
- ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS 172
- CONCLUSIONS 182
- REFERENCES 186
Chapter 7. Reproductive Hazards for Women in Industry 189
- DISCUSSION OF THE PROBLEM 189
- CHANGES IN PATTERNS OF EMPLOYMENT 190
- CHANGES IN LEGISLATION AFFECTING WOMEN 192
- ADVANCING KNOWLEDGE IN MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY 194
- SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM 202
- REFERENCES 205
Chapter 8. Occupational Reproductive Risks 213
- INTRODUCTION 213
- FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE RISKS 217
- MALE REPRODUCTIVE RISKS 223
- CONCLUSION 228
- REFERENCES 228
Chapter 9. Cardiovascular Diseases and the Work Environment 235
- INTRODUCTION 235
- CHEMICAL FACTORS 236
- NONCHEMICAL FACTORS 245
- CONCLUSION 252
- REFERENCES 254
Chapter 10. Deck Crew and Exposure to Chemicals on Norwegian Tankers 263
- INTRODUCTION 263
- EXPOSURE OF TANKER DECK CREW TO CHEMICAL AGENTS 264
- TANKERS 264
- HEALTH EFFECTS DUE TO WORK ON DECK ON TANKERS 270
- PREVENTION OF ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS ON THE DECK CREWS ON TANKERS 272
Chapter 11. Health Risks Due to Wood Dust Exposure 275
- EPIDEMIOLOGY OF WOOD DUST EXPOSURE AND CANCER 275
- TOXICOLOGY OF WOOD DUST EXPOSURE 278
- ALLERGIC REACTIONS 286
- REFERENCES 290
Chapter 12. Effects of Lead in Lead Exposed Workers 297
- PROPERTIES AND EXPOSURE SOURCES 297
- METABOLISM 298
- HEALTH EFFECTS 299
- DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP 301
- OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMIT VALUES 303
- HEALTH CHECKS 303
- TREATMENT OF LEAD POISONING 303
- REFERENCES 304
Chapter 13. Lead in Drinking Water 307
- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 308
- LEAD 308
- INTRODUCTION 308
- HEALTH EFFECTS 313
- REGULATORY CLIMATE 314
- MATERIAL EVALVATION 315
- RELATED REGULATIONS 317
- TREATMENT STRATEGIES 317
- DISCUSSION 319
- PUBLIC EDUCATION 320
- CONCLUSION 321
- BIBLIOGRAPHY 322
Chapter 14. Lead Remediation 323
- RISKS AND HEALTH HAZARDS 324
- REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES 324
- LEAD EXPOSURE SOURCES 325
- LEAD REMEDIATION IN SOIL 325
- REMEDIATION OF WATER CONTAINING LEAD 341
- POTABLE WATER CONTAMINATION 341
- CONTAMINATION OF SURFACE AND GROUND WATERS 343
- SAFE REMOVAL OF LEAD PAINT IN HOUSING 344
- CHOOSING AN ABATEMENT STRATEGY 344
- ABATING THE LEAD-BASED PAINT HAZARD 350
- LEAD HAZARD REDUCTION METHODS 357
- SAFETY STANDARDS FOR THE REMOVAL OF LEAD PAINT 358
- ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS FOR ABATEMENT OF LEAD-BASED PAINT 359
- CONCLUSION 360
Chapter 15. Epidemiological Studies of Cancer in Arsenic Poisoning Patients 361
- INTRODUCTION 361
- OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE (INHALATION) 362
- ARSENIC INGESTION 364
- MIXED EXPOSURE 366
- A SUMMARY OF CANCERS BY SITE 367
- SYNERGISM BETWEEN ARSENIC AND SMOKING 367
- CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 368
- REFERENCES 373
Chapter 16. Asbestos Exposure and Cigarette Smoking in Relation to Cancer of the Lung and Pleura 377
- INTRODUCTION 377
- ASBESTOS EXPOSURE IN RELATION TO LUNG CANCER 378
- ASBESTOS EXPOSURE IN RELATION TO MESOTHELIOMA 380
- ISSUES IN ASBESTOS CARCINOGENICITY 382
- RISK ASSESSMENT: ASBESTOS ABATEMENT IN PUBLIC AND COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS 384
- ASSESSING THE RISK AND BLAME IN TOXIC TORT CASES: ASBESTOS AND THE USE OF STATISTICAL MODELS 388
- REFERENCES 390
Chapter 17. Biological Monitoring for Occupational Exposure to Toluene 395
- INTRODUCTION 395
- ABSORPTION, METABOLISM, AND ELIMINATION 396
- TOLUENE IN BLOOD 396
- TOLUENE IN EXPIRED AIR 399
- HIPPURIC ACID IN URINE 401
- O-CRESOL IN URINE 403
- REFERENCES 404
Chapter 18. Risk of Particulate Exposure in Copper Mines 407
- INTRODUCTION 407
- BACKGROUND ON COPPER MINE EMISSIONS 408
- MINERAL TRANSPORTATION OPERATIONS 410
- CRUSHING PLANT CASE STUDY 410
- EFFECTS OF SMELTING OPERATIONS 415
- DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 418
- REFERENCES 419
Chapter 19. Survival of Bacteria in Soil and Natural Water 423
- INTRODUCTION 423
- MATERIALS AND METHODS 424
- RESULTS 428
- DISCUSSION 441
- REFERENCES 446
Chapter 20. Human Exposure to Infrasound 449
- INTRODUCTION 449
- NATURAL SOURCES 450
- INDUSTRY AND TRANSPORTATION ENVIRONMENTS 451
- SENSATIONS, ANNOYANCE, AND OTHER ADVERS EEFFECTS ATTRIBUTED TO INFRASOUND 461
- EXPERIMENTAL INFRASOUND GENERATION AND HUMAN EXPOSURE 462
- SENSORY MECHANISM AND PHYSIOLOGICAL REACTIONS 463
- INTERFERENCE WITH HUMAN ACTIVITY AND TASK PERFORMANCE 465
- HUMAN TOLERANCE AND PROPOSED EXPOSURE STANDARDS 466
- MORBIDITY ASSOCIATED WITH INFRASOUND 466
- CONTROL OF INFRASOUND AND PROTECTION FROM EXPOSURE 468
- RESEARCH ISSUES AND OUTLOOK 468
- REFERENCES 470
Chapter 21. Relationship Between Hearing Loss and Noise Exposure 473
- INTRODUCTION 473
- THE EAR FROM AN ENGINEER'S POINT OF VIEW 474
- THRESHOLD OF HEARING AND HEARING LEVEL 480
- THRESHOLD SHIFT WITH AGE 481
- THRESHOLD SHIFT WITH EXPOSURE TO NOISE 482
- CHARACTERIZING NOISE 486
- CHARACTERIZING NOISE EXPOSURE 488
- EQUIVALENT A-WEIGHTED SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL AND TRADING RULES 489
- IMPACT AND IMPULSIVE NOISE 490
- NOISE DOSE 490
- A HEARING DETERIORATION INDEX 493
- HEARING DAMAGE RISK CRITERIA 493
- INTERPRETATION OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA 495
- REFERENCES 500
Chapter 22. Heat and Noise Problems„Case Study 503
- INTRODUCTION 503
- PROBLEMS OF HEAT AND NOISE 504
- RECOMMENDATIONS 506
- COMBINED EFFECTS OF HEAT AND NOISE 506
- NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL CHANGES 507
- PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE 513
- REFERENCES 518
- CONCLUSION 518
Chapter 23. Engineering Controls for Noise 521
- INTRODUCTION 521
- MAINTENANCE 522
- MACHINE SUBSTITUTION 522
- PROCESS SUBSTITUTION 524
- VIBRATION DAMPING 524
- ISOLATING NOISE SOURCES 528
- INCLUSION OF NOISE LEVEL SPECIFICATIONS WHEN ORDERING NEW EQUIPMENT 528
- SYSTEMS DESIGN 530
- AUDIOMETERS 531
Chapter 24. Biological Degradation of Hazardous Wastes 537
- INTRODUCTION 537
- ABIOTIC TREATMENT TECHNIQUES 539
- BIOLOGICAL CONTROL METHODS 544
- DETERMINATION OF BIOLOGICAL DEGRADABILITY 548
- PILOT STUDIES 553
- LABORATORY STUDIES OF AEROBIC DEGRADATION 555
- ANAEROBIC BACTERIA 568
- FUNGI 572
- CONCLUSIONS 574
- REFERENCES 575
Chapter 25. Fungicides and Photochemistry 579
- INTRODUCTION 579
- PHOTOCHEMICAL TRANSFORMATIONS OF FUNGICIDES 581
- CONCLUSION 603
- APPENDIX 604
- REFERENCES 605
Chapter 26. Health Effects of Environmental Pollutants 611
- INTRODUCTION 611
- MAJOR AIR POLLUTANTS 612
- SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION 613
- PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS 613
- TOXIC ACTIONS OF POLLUTANTS 620
- FACTORS IN TOXICITY OF POLLUTANTS 620
- RESPIRATORY TRACT 622
- GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT 625
- LIVER, KIDNEYS, AND SKIN 626
- POLLUTANTS ACCORDING TO HEALTH EFFECTS 626
- CONCLUSIONS 633
- BIBLIOGRAPHY 634
Chapter 27. Environmental Data Sources 635
- INTRODUCTION 635
- ELECTRONIC DATABASES 636
- CD-ROM Databases 646
- COMPUTER NETWORKS AND BULLETIN BOARD SYSTEMS 647
- CLEARINGHOUSES AND HOTLINES 652
- BOOKS 653
- PERIODICALS 653
- SUMMARY 659
- SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 669
INDEX 671

Author's affiliation

Paul Cheremisinoff: The late Paul N. Cheremisinoff, P.E., was a p

High-Hazard Pollutants

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