Reclamation, Treatment and Utilization of Coal Mining Wastes

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Destined to become a major reference work, this book presents a wide range of specialist papers on the exploitation of coal mining wastes (minestone). Up-to-date developments and research results are reported from all over the world, providing a wealth of information for civil and mining engineers, environmentalists, and land reclamation specialists.

Front Cover 2
Reclamation, Treatment and Utilization of Coal Mining Wastes 5
Copyright Page 6
Table of Contents 11
KEYNOTE ADDRESS 15
CHAPTER 1. THE ECONOMICS OF MINESTONE UTILISATION 33
- SUMMARY 33
- INTRODUCTION 33
- APPLICATIONS OF COLLIERY SPOIL 36
- ALTERNATIVES TO UTILISATION 44
- FINANCIAL ASPECTS OF UTILISATION 47
- CONCLUSION 49
- REFERENCES 50
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 51
CHAPTER 2. AN EVALUATIVE FRAMEWORK FOR ASSESSMENT OF DISPOSAL OPTIONS FORCOLLIERY SPOIL 53

Front Cover 2
Reclamation, Treatment and Utilization of Coal Mining Wastes 5
Copyright Page 6
Table of Contents 11
KEYNOTE ADDRESS 15
CHAPTER 1. THE ECONOMICS OF MINESTONE UTILISATION 33
- SUMMARY 33
- INTRODUCTION 33
- APPLICATIONS OF COLLIERY SPOIL 36
- ALTERNATIVES TO UTILISATION 44
- FINANCIAL ASPECTS OF UTILISATION 47
- CONCLUSION 49
- REFERENCES 50
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 51
CHAPTER 2. AN EVALUATIVE FRAMEWORK FOR ASSESSMENT OF DISPOSAL OPTIONS FORCOLLIERY SPOIL 53
- SUMMARY 53
- A. DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH PROJECT 53
- B. WHAT IS THE EVALUATIVE FRAMEWORK? 54
- C. WHY IS IT NEEDED? 55
- D. WHO WILL USE IT? 57
- E. WHEN WILL THEY USE IT? 58
- F. DESCRIPTION OF THE EVALUATIVE FRAMEWORK 58
- G. IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF THE EVALUATIVE FRAMEWORK 64
- H . THE EVALUATIVE FRAMEWORK IN USE 65
CHAPTER 3. THE DEVELOPMENT AND UTILISATION OF "STONE GOAL" ("BITUMINOUS SHALE") IN CHINA 67
- SUMMARY 67
- 1. Origins and Distribution of "Stone Coal" ("Bituminous Shale") 67
- 2. Properties of Stone Coal (Bituminous Shale) 69
- 3. Use of Stone Coal (Bituminous Shale) 70
- 4. CONCLUSION 75
CHAPTER 4. UTILIZATION OF MINING OPERATIONS AND COAL PREPARATION PROCESSES WASTES IN THE USSR AND THE PRINCIPLES OP THEIR CLASS 77
- SUMMARY 77
- INTRODUCTION 77
- PRINCIPLES OP CLASSIFICATION 83
- REFERENCES 86
CHAPTER 5. RESEARCH ON SUITABILITY OF COAL PREPARATION REFUSE IN CIVILENGINEERING IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY*) 87
- SUMMARY 87
- 1. UTILIZATION OF WASHERY REFUSE IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 88
- 2. USE OF GREEN MINE WASTE IN UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION 98
- 3. PRODUCTION OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL FOR UNDERGROUND MINES, USING THERMALLY TREATED MINE WASTE 98
- 4. CONCLUSIONS 99
CHAPTER 6. COAL WASTE INDUSTRIALIZATION IN BRAZIL: THE STATE OF THE ART 111
- INTRODUCTION 111
- SUMMARY 111
- THE PRODUCTION OF COAL WASTES IN BRAZIL 114
- REFERENCES 126
CHAPTER 7. VARIABILITY OF COAL REFUSE AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING DESIGN 127
- ABSTRACT 127
- INTRODUCTION 127
- VARIABILITY OF COAL REFUSE 128
- RELIABILITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT 130
- REFERENCES 141
CHAPTER 8. THE CHARACTERISTICS AND USE OF COAL WASTES 143
- INTRODUCTION 143
- SUMMARY 143
- PETROLOGICAL AND MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITIONS 144
- CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 144
- SIZE DISTRIBUTION 147
- CALORIFIC VALUE 147
- FUEL MATERIAL CONTENT 149
- THERMAL BEHAVIOUR 149
- POSSIBILITIES OF USE 151
- REFERENCES 154
CHAPTER 9 . TECHNICAL APPROACHES AND RELATED POLICIES FOR LAND RECLAMATION AND TREATMENTIN CHINESE COAL MINES 155
- 1. IMPORTANCE AND PRESENT STATUS OF RECLAMATION OF SUBSIDED AREAS IN COAL MINES 155
- Summary 155
- 2. TECHNICAL APPROACHES FOR LAND RECLAMATION AND RENOVATION 156
- 3. STUDY OF POLICIES FOR LAND RECLAMATION 162
CHAPTER 10. COMPACTION CONTROL AND TESTING OF A COLLIERY SPOILFOR LANDFILL SITES 165
- INTRODUCTION 165
- SUMMARY 165
- INITIAL TESTING 166
- CONTROL TESTING 168
- COMPACTION SPECIFICATION 168
- OTHER RELEVANT FEATURES OF THE SPOIL 172
- VARIABILITY OF SPOIL 174
- CONCLUSIONS 175
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 175
- REFERENCES 176
CHAPTER 11. HOUSE BUILDING ON BOG LAND 177
- 1. INTRODUCTION 177
- SYNOPSIS 177
- 2. ECONOMIC ASSESS(Y£NT 180
- 3 NATIONAL HOUSE BUILDERS COUNCIL'S ROLE 183
- 4. TRIAL EMBANKMENTS 184
- 5. MAIN CONTRACT 187
- 6. EXPERIENCES DURING THE MAIN CONTRACT 189
- DISCUSSION 191
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 193
- REFERENCES 194
CHAPTER 12. COLLIERY SPOIL IN URBAN DEVELOPMENT 195
- SUMMARY 195
- INTRODUCTION 195
- POTENTIAL PROBLEMS 198
- REFERENCES 209
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 209
CHAPTER 13. LABORATORY AND SITE INVESTIGATIONS ON WEATHERING OF COAL MININGWASTES AS A FILL MATERIAL IN EARTH STRUCTURES 211
- ABSTRACT 211
- INTRODUCTION 211
- NATURE OF THE WEATHERING PROCESSES 212
- PURPOSE AND METHODS OF INVESTIGATIONS 213
- TEST PROCEDURE 214
- TEST RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION 215
- CONCLUSIONS 226
- REFRENCES 227
CHAPTER 14. Recovering Combustible Matter from Coal Mining Waste and Measuresto Extinguish Waste Pile Fire 229
- INTRODUCTION 229
- ABSTRACT 229
- CONCLUSION 237
- REFERENCES 238
CHAPTER 15. COAL WASTE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS 239
- BACKGROUND GEOLOGY 239
- SUMMARY 239
- CASE HISTORY II : BULK COAL STORAGE BINS 246
CHAPTER 16. MINESTONE IMPOUNDMENT DAMS FOR FLUID FLY ASH STORAGE 251
- INTRODUCTION 251
- REFERENCES 269
- AOCNOWLEDGEMENTS 269
CHAPTER 17. FLY ASH PONDS AND THE DAM LEGISLATION IN FINLAND 271
- INTRODUCTION 271
- DAM SAFETY LEGISLATION 273
- THE INSPECTIONS OF THE DAMS 274
- REFERENCE 276
CHAPTER 18. THE UTILIZATION OF COAL ASH IN EARTH WORKS 277
- INTRODUCTION 277
- SUMMARY 277
- TYPES OF ASHES 278
- MAIN GEOTECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS 279
- PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS 280
- EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT 280
- REFERENCES 283
- CONCLUSIONS 283
CHAPTER 19. BIOTECHNICAL METHODS IN THE TREATMENT AND RESTORATION USE OF COAL MINING WASTE. 285
- SUMMARY 285
- INTRODUCTION 285
- USE OF FERTILIZERS IN COLLIERY WASTE RECLAMATION 287
- BIOTECHNICAL METHODS IN RESTORATION 288
- WET RESTORATION 292
- CONCLUSION 296
- WETLAND RESTORATION 296
- REFERENCES 297
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 297
CHAPTER 20. "COAL MINE SPOIL TIPS AS A LARGE AREA SOURCE OE WATER CONTAMINATION 299
- INTRODUCTION 299
- MATERIAL AND METHODS 300
- CONCLUSION 310
- REFERENCES 312
CHAPTER 21. MINESTONE AND POLLUTION CONTROL 313
- INTRODUCTION 313
- ABSTRACT 313
- MINESTONE - A GENERAL DESCRIPTION 314
- MINESTONE - NOMENCLATURE 314
- CONCLUSION 324
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 325
- REFERENCES 325
CHAPTER 22. THE STUDY OF SATURATED COAL MINING WASTES, UNDER THE INFLUENCEOF LONG–TERM LOADING 327
- INTRODUCTION 327
- EXPERIMENTAL ARRANGEMENT 327
- SUMMARY 327
- METHODS OF INVESTIGATION 329
- RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 330
- TABLE 1 331
- REFERENCES 333
- SUMMARY 333
CHAPTER 23. SUCTION PRESSURES IN COLLIERY EMBANKMENT SURFACES 335
- SUMMARY 335
- INTRODUCTION 335
- DESIGN OF PROJECT 339
- SUCTION MEASUREMENTS 343
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 352
- REFERENCES 352
CHAPTER 24. "DEEP RIPPING: A MORE EFFECTIVE AND FLEXIBLE METHOD FOR ACHIEVING LOOSE SOIL PROFILES" 353
- INTRODUCTION 353
- SCRAPER OPERATIONS 353
- SUMMARY 353
- INVESTIGATION OF COMPACTION CAUSED BY SCRAPERS 355
- EFFECT OF TRAFFICKING ON SOIL STRENGTH 356
- DECOMPACTION OF RESTORED SOIL PROFILES 357
- IMPLICATIONS FOR TIP RESTORATION 360
- REFERENCE 362
- CONCLUSIONS 362
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 362
CHAPTER 25. COMBINED TIPPING AND OPENCAST COAL SCHEME AT BENTINCK COLLIERY 363
- SUMMARY 363
- ABSTRACT 363
- INTRODUCTION 364
- BRIEF HISTORY OF TIPPING SITE 364
- PERMISSION PROCEDURES AND CONDITIONS 365
- METHOD OF TIPPING COLLIERY DISCARD 366
- METHOD OF OPENCAST COAL WORKING 367
- DETAILS OF SCHEME 368
CHAPTER 26. THE DESIGN OF COLLIERY SPOIL TIPS : OBJECTIVES AND TECHNIQUES 375
- INTRODUCTION 375
- MODERN TIPS 375
- DESIGN OBJECTIVES AND IMPLICATIONS 377
- DESIGN VARIABLES FOR LOCAL TIPS 379
- RESTORATION OPTIONS 382
- CONCLUSION 387
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 387
CHAPTER 27. THE UTILIZATION OF DIRT FROM COAL MINES AND LAND RECLAMATION 389
- SUMMARY 389
- INTRODUCTION 389
- COMPREHENSIVE UTILIZATION OP COAL MINING DIRT 390
- LAND RECLAMATION BY USING DIRT IN COAL MINES 393
- CONCLUSIONS 399
CHAPTER 28. AN INVESTIGATION INTO CHEAPER MONOLITHIC PACKING MATERIALS UTILIZING COLLIERY TAILINGS 401
- SUMMARY 401
- INTRODUCTION 401
- RESEARCH PROGRAMME 402
- SELECTION OF ACCELERATOR AND FORMULATION OF THE OPTIMUM CONSTITUENTS 403
- EVALUATIONS OF SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION RISK POTENTIAL 405
- GEOTECHNICAL TESTING PROGRAMME 407
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 411
- REFERENCES 411
- CONCLUSIONS 411
CHAPTER 29. GEOTECHNICAL ASPECTS OF FINE COAL WASTE DISPOSAL IN LOWER SILESIA , POLAND 413
- SUMMARY 413
- INTRODUCTION 413
- PROPERTIES OP COAL MINING WASTES PROM LOWER SILESIA COALPIELD 414
- DISPOSAL PROBLEMS OF COARSE COAL WASTE 417
- PINE COAL WASTE DISPOSAL 418
- REFERENCES 423
CHAPTER 30. "THE APPLICATION OF THE MULTI-ROLL BELT FILTER TO DE–WATERING OF FINE COAL WASTE SLURRIES" 425
- INTRODUCTION 425
- SUMMARY 425
CHAPTER 31. PIMPABILITY OF COAL MINE TAILINGS FOR UNDERGROUND DISPOSAL AND FOR REGIONAL SUPPORT. 433
- INTRODUCTION 433
- SUMMARY 433
- WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE BRITISH COAL MINES 434
- RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 435
- RESEARCH TECHNIQUES AND PROGRAMME 435
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 436
- DESIGN CONSIDERATION FOR TAILINGS TRANSPORT AND UTILIZATION SYSTEM 440
- CONCLUSION 445
- ACKNCWLEI)GEMENTS 445
- REFERENCES 446
CHAPTER 32. IMPROVED ROCK PASTE A SLOW HARDENING BULK FILL BASED ON COLLIERY SPOIL, PULVERISED FUEL ASH AND LIME 447
- INTRODUCTION 447
- ROCK PASTE 448
- ROCK PASTE STRENGTH 450
- PLACEMENT OF ROCK PASTE 450
- IMPROVED ROCK PASTE 452
- RESEARCHES 453
- MIX PROPORTIONS 453
- LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS 454
- RESULTS OF LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS 456
- DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 461
- REFERENCES 462
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 462
CHAPTER 33. PRESENT SITUATION, PROBLEMS AND DEVELOPMENT OF UTILIZATION OF COAL MINING WASTES IN CHINA 463
- PRODUCTION, PROPERTIES AND RESERVES OF REFUSE IN CHINA 463
- ABSTRACT 463
- FLUIDISED BED COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGY FOR BURNING REFUSE 465
- UTILIZATION OF REFUSE IN BUILDING MATERIALS INDUSTRY AND OTHERS 467
- PRODUCING CEMENT 467
- PRODUCING BRICK 467
- PRODUCING LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE 468
- OTHERS 468
- PRODUCING CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCK 468
- PRODUCING POTTERY PORCELAIN PRODUCTS AND FIRE*RESISTANTMATERIAL 468
- SOME SUCCESSFUL RESULTS ON RKSWCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE UTILIZATION OF REFUSE 469
- DEVELOPMENT IN FUTURE 471
CHAPTER 34. DIRECT TREE SEEDING ON COAL MINE WASTES IN BRITAIN. A TECHNIQUE FOR THE FUTURE 473
- OBSERVATIONS ON NATURAL COLONISATION OF TREES AND SHRUBS 473
- SUMMARY 473
- DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE PROCESSES OF NATURAL COLONISATION AND DIRECT SEEDING 475
- DIRECT SEEDING PROJECTS IN BRITAIN, 1980-1986 476
- PLANT DENSITY, GROWTH AND SUCCESSION 477
- COMPARISON OF DIRECT SEEDING WITH CONVENTIONAL TECHNIQUES 479
- DIRECT SEEDING IN THE FUTURE 483
- CONCLUSION 485
- REFERENCES 485
CHAPTER 35. MANAGEMENT OF OPENCAST RESTORED LAND FOR CEREAL PRODUCTION 491
- ABSTRACT 491
- INTRODUCTION 491
- DESCRIPTION OF SITES 492
- GROWTH OF WINTER WHEAT 493
- MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS 499
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 501
- REFERENCES 501
CHAPTER 36. PRE-MINE BASELINE DATA : AN ESSENTIAL TOOL IN RECLAMATION OF COLLIERY WASTES. 503
- SUMMARY 503
- INTRODUCTION 503
- FLOWCHART FOR INTEGRATED MINING AND RECLAMATION SCHEMES. 505
- SOURCES OF WASTE IN COAL MINES 507
- THE OBJECTIVES OF RECLAMATION 508
- UTILIZATION OF PITS AND WASTES 509
- ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS 512
- SOIL,OVERBURDEN AND SPOIL SAMPLING 513
- PLANNING AND DESIGN 514
- QUANTIFICATION OF RECLAMATION COSTS AND BENEFITS 515
- CONCLUSIONS 518
- REFERENCES 519
CHAPTER 37. RECLAMATION OF MANNERS AND PEWIT COLLIERIES, ILKESTON, DERBYSHIRE 521
- SUMMARY 521
- INTRODUCTION 521
- CONSULTATIONS 522
- DESIGN 525
- CONSTRUCTION 527
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 531
- REFERENCES 532
CHAPTER 38. AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE RECLAMATION OF OPENCAST BACKFILLED SITES DESTINED FOR ROAD CONSTRUCTION IN THE UNITED KING 533
- SETTLEMENT OF OPENCAST MINE BACKFILLS 533
- SUMMARY 533
- SURFACE COAL MINING OPERATIONS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM 533

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