First Migrants

Opis

The first publication to outline the complex global story of human migration and dispersal throughout the whole of human prehistory. Utilizing archaeological, linguistic and biological evidence, Peter Bellwood traces the journeys of the earliest hunter-gatherer and agriculturalist migrants as critical elements in the evolution of human lifeways.

The first volume to chart global human migration and population dispersal throughout the whole of human prehistory, in all regions of the world
An archaeological odyssey that details the initial spread of early humans out of Africa approximately two million years ago, through the Ice Ages, and down to the continental and island migrations of agricultural populations within the past 10,000 years
Employs archaeological, linguistic and biological evidence to demonstrate how migration has always been a vital and complex element in explaining the evolution of the human species
Outlines how significant migrations have affected population diversity in every region of the world
Clarifies the importance of the development of agriculture as a migratory imperative in later prehistory
Fully referenced with detailed maps throughout

Spis treści

First Migrants: Ancient Migration in Global Perspective 6
- Copyright 7
- Contents 8
- List of Figures 12
- Preface 17
  - A Note on Dating Terminology 19
- Acknowledgements 20
- 1 The Relevance and Reality of Ancient Migration 22
  - Migration in Prehistoric Times 25
  - Hypothesizing About Prehistoric Migrations 27
  - Migrations in History and Ethnography 29
    - The Helvetii 29
    - Ancient China 30
    - Medieval Iceland 31
    - The Nuer of Sudan 31

First Migrants: Ancient Migration in Global Perspective 6
- Copyright 7
- Contents 8
- List of Figures 12
- Preface 17
  - A Note on Dating Terminology 19
- Acknowledgements 20
- 1 The Relevance and Reality of Ancient Migration 22
  - Migration in Prehistoric Times 25
  - Hypothesizing About Prehistoric Migrations 27
  - Migrations in History and Ethnography 29
    - The Helvetii 29
    - Ancient China 30
    - Medieval Iceland 31
    - The Nuer of Sudan 31
    - The Iban of Sarawak 33
    - Relevance for Prehistoric Migration? 34
    - Notes 37
  - 2 Making Inferences About Prehistoric Migration 38
    - Changes in Time and Space – Genes, Languages, Cultures 39
    - Human Biology, Genetics, and Migration 40
      - Demic Diffusion 42
    - Language Families and the Study of Migration in Prehistory 43
      - Language Family Spread: Lessons from Recent History 47
      - Language Family Spread: Lessons from Anthropology 49
      - Dating the Spreads of Language Families 50
    - Cultures in Archaeology – Do They Equate with Linguistic and Biological Populations? 51
    - Archaeology and the Study of Migration in Prehistory 53
      - One End of the Spectrum – Intensive Culture Change without Significant Migration 53
      - The Other End of the Spectrum – Intensive Cultural Change with Significant Migration 54
    - Notes 56
  - 3 Migrating Hominins and the Rise of Our Own Species 57
    - Behavioral Characteristics and Origins of Early Hominins in Africa 59
    - First Hominin Migration(s) – Out of Africa 1 62
      - Unfolding Species in Time and Space 67
      - Java, Flores, and Crossing the Sea 69
    - Out of Africa 2? 71
    - Out of Africa 3? The Origins of H. sapiens 73
      - The Recognition of Modern Humans in Biology and Archaeology 75
    - The Expansion of Modern Humans Across the African and Eurasian Continents, 130,000–45,000 Years Ago 79
      - Africa 79
      - The Levant and Southern Asia 81
      - Northern and Western Eurasia 84
      - The Fate of the Neanderthals 87
    - Explanations? 88
    - Notes 89
  - 4 Beyond Eurasia: The Pioneers of Unpeopled Lands – Wallacea and Beyond, Australia, The Americas 92
    - Crossing the Sea Beyond Sundaland 93
      - How Many Settlers? 95
    - The First Australo-Melanesians 97
      - The Archaeology of Island Colonization – Wallacea, Melanesia, Australia 98
    - Heading North and Offshore Again – Japan 102
    - The Americas 104
      - Getting to Beringia 105
      - Circumventing the Ice 109
      - The Rapid Unfolding of American Colonization 111
    - Notes 114
  - 5 Hunter-Gatherer Migrations in a Warming Postglacial World 117
    - Postglacial Recolonizations in Northern Eurasia 118
    - After the First Americans: Further Migrations Across Bering Strait 122
      - Na-Dene and Yeniseian 122
      - The Apachean Migration 125
    - The Holocene Colonizations of Arctic Coastal North America 126
      - The Thule Migration and the Inuit 128
    - The Early Holocene Colonization of a Green Sahara 130
    - Continental Shelves and Their Significance for Human Migration 133
    - Holocene Australia – Pama-Nyungan Migration? 134
      - Linguistic Prehistory during the Australian Holocene 138
      - Who Were the Ancestral Pama-Nyungans? 140
    - Notes 142
  - 6 The First Farmers and Their Offspring 144
    - Where and When Did Food Production Begin? 145
      - Why Did Food Production Develop in Some Places, but Not Others? 148
      - Why Was Domesticated Food Production Relatively Slow to Develop? 149
    - Food Production and Population Expansion 150
    - The Neolithic 154
    - Food Production as the Driving Force of Early Agriculturalist Migration 156
    - Notes 159
  - 7 The Fertile Crescent Food Production Complex 161
    - Agricultural Origins in the Fertile Crescent 162
    - Neolithic and Chalcolithic Expansion Beyond the Fertile Crescent 168
      - Anatolia and Southeastern Europe 168
      - Neolithic Migration Beyond Greece and the Balkans 170
      - The Steppes and Central Asia 172
      - Iran, Pakistan, and South Asia Beyond the Indus 174
    - Linguistic History and the Spread of the Fertile Crescent Food Production Complex 178
      - Perspectives from Indo-European 178
      - The Possible Significance of the Turkic and Yeniseian Languages in Central Asia 184
    - West Eurasian Genetic and Population History in the Holocene 186
    - Peninsular Indian Archaeology and Dravidian Linguistic History 189
    - The Spread of the Fertile Crescent Food-Producing Economy into North Africa 190
    - The Fertile Crescent Food Production Complex and Its Impact on Holocene Prehistory in Western Eurasia 193
    - Notes 194
  - 8 The East Asian and Western Pacific Food Production Complexes 199
    - Agricultural Origins in the Yellow and Yangzi Basins of East Asia 199
      - Migrations from the Yellow River Basin 202
      - Migrations from the Yangzi Basin – Mainland Southeast Asia 203
      - Early Rice and the Linguistic Record 208
      - Genetics, Human Biology, and the East Asian Mainland during the Holocene 210
    - Island Southeast Asia and Oceania 212
      - The Colonization of Oceania 215
      - The History of the Austronesian Language Family 218
      - Biological Anthropology and the Austronesians 222
    - The East Asian and Western Pacific Food Production Complexes and Their Impacts on Holocene Prehistory 225
    - Notes 226
  - 9 The African and American Food Production Complexes 231
    - Food Production in Sub-Saharan Africa 232
      - West Africa and the Niger-Congo-Speaking Populations 234
    - The African Food Production Complex in Perspective 239
    - Holocene Migrations in the Americas 240
      - The Central Andes 242
      - Amazonia 245
      - The Caribbean Islands 249
      - Mesoamerica 250
      - Northern Mesoamerica, the Southwestern United States, and the Uto-Aztecans 251
      - The Eastern Woodlands 255
    - The American Food Production Complexes and Their Impacts on Holocene Prehistory 259
    - Notes 260
  - 10 The Role of Migration in the History of Humanity 264
    - Notes 269
  - References 270
  - Index 320

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Ancient Migration in Global Perspective

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