International Nutrition: Achieving Millennium Goals and Beyond

Opis

The UN Millennium Development Goals (MDG) in nutrition are at the core of this book, with special attention to young women and their children. The first part is dedicated to the overall analysis of the world nutrition situation as related to achieving the MDG. The chapters cover the global distribution of malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies in young women and infants, and the disease burden related to it. The second part reviews the measures taken to achieve the MDG and the potential contributions of nutrition-specific and disease control interventions (particularly with regard to reducing child and maternal mortality), as well as the possible role of sectors other than health. The last part looks into the future, scrutinizing the causes and consequences of non-communicable disease in both the developing and developed world, as well as reviewing the latest scientific evidence for underlying mechanisms and discussing the implications for public health and policy makers.

Spis treści

Cover 2
Front Matter 5
Contents 7
Preface 9
Foreword 11
Contributors 15
World Nutrition Situation 19
- Country-Level Action to Improve Nutrition and Health: A View from the Field 19
  - Abstract 19
  - Background to Child Survival Policy 20
  - Formation and Influence of Leading Academics 21
  - From Social Sensibility to Research, Action and Impact: The Case of Chile 21
  - Nutrition Policies over Time 23
  - Mortality Declines but Components Change: The Second Phase 25
  - Results of the Second Phase Strategy 26

Cover 2
Front Matter 5
Contents 7
Preface 9
Foreword 11
Contributors 15
World Nutrition Situation 19
- Country-Level Action to Improve Nutrition and Health: A View from the Field 19
  - Abstract 19
  - Background to Child Survival Policy 20
  - Formation and Influence of Leading Academics 21
  - From Social Sensibility to Research, Action and Impact: The Case of Chile 21
  - Nutrition Policies over Time 23
  - Mortality Declines but Components Change: The Second Phase 25
  - Results of the Second Phase Strategy 26
  - Lessons and Reflections 26
  - References 28
  - Disclosure Statement 28
- Global, Regional and Country Trends in Underweight and Stunting as Indicators of Nutrition and Health of Populations 29
  - Abstract 29
  - Undernutrition as an Indicator of the Nutrition and Health of Populations 29
  - The Choice of Indicators to Track and Measure Progress on Nutrition 31
  - Tracking Global and Regional Progress on Nutrition 32
  - Nutritional Indicators as Measures of Inequity and Implications for Program Design 34
  - Disclosure Statement 36
  - References 36
  - Conclusions 36
- Global Distribution and Disease Burden Related to Micronutrient Deficiencies 39
  - Abstract 39
  - Introduction 39
  - Vitamin A Deficiency 40
  - Zinc Deficiency 41
  - Iron Deficiency 42
  - Iodine Deficiency 42
  - Implications for Nutrition Programs 44
  - Disclosure Statement 45
  - References 45
- Predicting the Health Effects of Switching Infant Feeding Practices for Use in Decision-Making 47
  - Abstract 47
  - Introduction 47
  - Methods 48
  - Results 49
  - Discussion 51
  - Disclosure Statement 55
  - References 55
- Addressing the Double Burden of Malnutrition with a Common Agenda 57
  - Abstract 57
  - Introduction 57
  - The Double Burden of Malnutrition 58
  - Two Sides of the Coin in the Developmental Origins of Health 63
  - The Life Course Approach to Nutrition 64
  - Double Burden of Malnutrition on the International Political Agenda 65
  - Need for a Common Operational Definition of Malnutrition 67
  - References 69
  - Disclosure Statement 69
- Summary on World Nutrition Situation 71
Evidence on Interventions and Field Experiences 77
- Interventions to Address Maternal and Childhood Undernutrition: Current Evidence 77
  - Abstract 77
  - Introduction 78
  - Review of Interventions 80
  - Micronutrient Fortification and Agricultural Interventions 82
  - Improving Feeding and Energy Intake 83
  - Disease Prevention and Management 84
  - Disclosure Statement 85
  - Conclusion 85
  - References 86
- Maternal Nutrition Interventions to Improve Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Outcomes 89
  - Abstract 89
  - Methods 90
  - Introduction 90
  - Results 91
  - Discussion and Conclusions 95
  - Disclosure Statement 97
  - References 97
- Fetal Growth Restriction and Preterm as Determinants of Child Growth in the First Two Years and Potential Interventions 99
  - Abstract 99
  - Background: Fetal Growth Restriction and Childhood Undernutrition 100
  - Association between SGA, Preterm Birth and Child Undernutrition 101
  - Maternal Nutrition and Fetal Growth 104
  - Potential Nutritional and Nonnutritional Interventions 105
  - Conclusion 107
  - Acknowledgement 107
  - Disclosure Statement 108
  - References 108
- How Can Agricultural Interventions Contribute in Improving Nutrition Health and Achieving the MDGs in Least-Developed Countries? 111
  - Abstract 111
  - Introduction 111
  - What Are the Nutrition/Health Issues in the MDGs That Are Most Closely Linked to Agriculture? 112
  - How Can Agriculture Contribute to Improvements in Nutrition? 113
  - How Has Agriculture Contributed to Improvements in Nutrition? 117
  - What Agricultural Interventions Can Promote Improved Nutrition Health and Achievement of the MDGs in Least Developed Countries? 120
  - Conclusions 123
  - References 125
  - Disclosure Statement 125
- Long-Term Consequences of Nutrition and Growth in Early Childhood and Possible Preventive Interventions 129
  - Introduction 129
  - Abstract 129
  - Periconception 130
  - Pregnancy 131
  - Infancy 134
  - Discussion and Conclusions 135
  - Disclosure Statement 136
  - References 136
- Summary on Evidence on Interventions and Field Experiences 139
Future Perspectives: Impact of Early Life Nutrition 141
- The Global Epidemic of Noncommunicable Disease: The Role of Early-Life Factors 141
  - Abstract 141
  - Introduction 141
  - The Developmental Origins of Noncommunicable Disease 142
    - Early Postnatal Factors and the Prevention of Noncommunicable Disease 143
    - The Role of Infant Growth in Programming Cardiovascular Disease 144
    - Growth in Childhood and Programming of Cardiovascular Disease 146
    - Complementary Feeding 146
  - Mechanisms 147
  - Public Health Implications 148
  - References 149
  - Conclusions 149
  - Disclosure Statement 149
- Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome in Developing Countries: Focus on South Asians 151
  - Abstract 151
  - Prevention and Control of Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome in South Asians 154
  - Disclosure Statement 156
  - References 156
  - Community Intervention Programs for Childhood Obesity in India 156
- Preventing Atopy and Allergic Disease 159
  - Abstract 159
  - Introduction 160
  - Early Gut Colonization, Microbial Biodiversity and Allergy Risk 160
  - Dietary Allergy Prevention 162
    - Hydrolyzed Formulas 162
    - Soy Formula 163
    - Amino Acid-Based Formula 163
    - Maternal Elimination Diets during Pregnancy and Lactation 164
    - Timing of the Introduction of Weaning Foods 164
  - Probiotics and Prebiotics 165
    - Prebiotics 165
    - Probiotics 165
    - Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids 166
    - Immune-Modulating Micronutrients 166
    - Vitamin D 167
  - Conclusions 167
  - Disclosure Statement 168
  - References 168
- Nutrition and Chronic Disease: Lessons from the Developing and Developed World 173
  - Abstract 173
  - Introduction 173
  - Diabetes: The Leading Exemplar of Double Burden Diseases 174
  - Exploiting Genetic Differences to Map Causal Pathways in Chronic Diseases 175
  - Exploiting Rapid Development to Study Life-Course and Intergenerational Influences on Chronic Diseases 176
  - Exploiting Phenotypic Differences to Map Causal Pathways in Chronic Diseases 176
  - Disclosure Statement 177
  - Exploiting the Nutritional Deprivations of Underdeveloped Societies to Understand Epigenetic Regulation of Disease 177
  - Future Prospects 177
  - References 178
- Summary on Future Perspectives 179
Subject Index 181
Cover 185

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