Since the Middle Ages, Africans have lived in Germany as slaves and scholars, guest workers and refugees. After Germany became a unified nation in 1871, it acquired several African colonies but lost them after World War I. Children born of German mothers and African fathers during the French occupation of Germany were persecuted by the Nazis. After World War II, many children were born to African American GIs stationed in Germany and German mothers. Today there are 500,000 Afro-Germans in Germany out of a population of 80 million. Nevertheless, German society still sees them as "foreigners," assuming they are either African or African American but never German. In recent years, the subject of Afro-Germans has captured the interest of scholars across the humanities for several reasons. Looking at Afro-Germans allows us to see another dimension of the nineteenth- and early twentieth-century ideas of race that led to the Holocaust. Furthermore, the experience of Afro-Germans provides insight into contemporary Germany's transformation, willing or not, into a multicultural society. The volume breaks new ground not only by addressing the topic of Afro-Germans but also by combining scholars from many disciplines. Patricia Mazon is Associate Professor in the Department of History at the State University of New York at Buffalo. Reinhild Steingrover is Assistant Professor in the Department of Humanities at the Eastman School of Music at the University of Rochester.

• FRONTCOVER 2
• CONTENTS 7
• FOREWORD 9
• INTRODUCTION 21
• PART I: Afro-Germans in Historical Perspective 45
• 1 Dangerous Liaisons: Race, Nation, and German Identity 47
• 2 The First Besatzungskinder: Afro-German Children, Colonial Childrearing Practices, and Racial Policy in German Southwest Afric 81
• 3 Converging Specters of an Other Within: Race and Gender in Pre-1945 Afro-German History 102
• PART II: Cultural Representations and Self-Representations of Afro-Germans 127
• 4 Louis Brody and the Black Presence in German Film Before 1945 129
• 5 Narrating “Race” in 1950s’ West Germany: The Phenomenon of the Toxi Films 156
• 6 Will Everything Be Fine? Anti-Racist Practice in Recent German Cinema 181
• 7 Writing Diasporic Identity: Afro-German Literature since 1985 203
• 8 The Souls of Black Volk: Contradiction? Oxymoron? 229
• SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 253