Spacecraft Collision Avoidance Technology

Opis

Spacecraft Collision Avoidance Technology presents the theory and practice of space collision avoidance. The title gives models of time and space environment, their impact on high-precision orbit prediction, considers optimal orbit determination methods and models in different warning stages, and establishes basic models for warning and avoidance. Chapters present an outline of spacecraft collision warning strategy, elaborate on the basics of orbital calculation for collision avoidance, consider space object detection technology, detail space environment and object orbit, give a method for spacecraft collision warning orbit calculation, and finally, demonstrate a strategy for spacecraft collision warning and avoidance.

Presents strategies, methods and real-world examples relating to space collision avoidance
Considers time and space environment models in orbit prediction
Gives optimal orbit determination methods and models for various warning stages
Establishes and elaborates basic models for warning and avoidance
Takes note of the current space environment for object detection and collision avoidance

Spis treści

Front Cover 2
Spacecraft Collision Avoidance Technology 5
Copyright Page 6
Contents 7
1 Outline of spacecraft collision warning 9
- 1.1 Distribution and characteristics of space objects 9
- 1.2 Characteristics and hazards of space debris 11
- 1.3 Collision warning of spacecraft 14
2 Basics of orbital calculation for spacecraft collision avoidance 19
- 2.1 Basic definitions and transformation in astronomy 19
  - 2.1.1 Basic concepts in astronomy 19
  - 2.1.2 Time systems and major transformation formula 22
    - 2.1.2.1 Sidereal time 22
    - 2.1.2.4 Ephemeris time 23
    - 2.1.2.2 Solar time 23

Front Cover 2
Spacecraft Collision Avoidance Technology 5
Copyright Page 6
Contents 7
1 Outline of spacecraft collision warning 9
- 1.1 Distribution and characteristics of space objects 9
- 1.2 Characteristics and hazards of space debris 11
- 1.3 Collision warning of spacecraft 14
2 Basics of orbital calculation for spacecraft collision avoidance 19
- 2.1 Basic definitions and transformation in astronomy 19
  - 2.1.1 Basic concepts in astronomy 19
  - 2.1.2 Time systems and major transformation formula 22
    - 2.1.2.1 Sidereal time 22
    - 2.1.2.4 Ephemeris time 23
    - 2.1.2.2 Solar time 23
    - 2.1.2.3 Universal time 23
    - 2.1.2.6 Coordinated universal time 24
    - 2.1.2.7 GPS time 24
    - 2.1.2.5 Atomic time 24
    - 2.1.2.9 Time system conversion 25
    - 2.1.2.8 BeiDou time 25
  - 2.1.3 Coordinate systems and major transformation formula 26
    - 2.1.3.4 Quasi Earth-fixed coordinate system 26
    - 2.1.3.2 Instantaneous mean equatorial coordinate system 26
    - 2.1.3.3 Instantaneous true equatorial coordinates system 26
    - 2.1.3.1 2000.0 inertial coordinate system 26
    - 2.1.3.5 International Terrestrial Reference System 27
    - 2.1.3.6 Earth-fixed coordinate system 27
    - 2.1.3.7 Geodetic system 28
    - 2.1.3.10 UNW and RTN coordinate system 28
      - 2.1.3.10.1 UNW coordinate system 28
      - 2.1.3.10.2 RTN coordinate system 29
    - 2.1.3.8 Topocentric coordinate system 28
    - 2.1.3.9 Satellite coordinate system 28
    - 2.1.3.11 Coordinate transformation 29
  - 2.2 Space object orbit: basic definitions and transformation 29
    - 2.2.1 Space object’s two-body motion in space 30
    - 2.2.2 Integration of two-body problem 30
    - 2.2.3 Basic conversion of orbital elements for space objects 33
      - 2.2.3.1 Interchange between orbital elements and position/velocity in Cartesian system 33
      - 2.2.3.2 Partial derivative of elements with respect to coordinates and velocity 33
      - 2.2.3.3 Partial derivative of coordinates and velocity with respect to elements 35
      - 2.2.3.4 Partial derivative of acceleration with respect to position/velocity in two-body motion of space object 36
    - 2.2.4 Orbital perturbations of space object 37
  - 3 Space object detection technology 43
    - 3.1 Overview 43
      - 3.1.1 Ground-based detection 43
        
        3.1.1.1 Radio detection technology 43
        
        3.1.1.2 Electro-optical detection technology 44
      - 3.1.2 Space-based detection 45
    - 3.2 Radar measurement technology 45
      - 3.2.1 Radar measurement elements 46
        
        3.2.1.1 Radar object angle measurement and tracking methods 46
        
        3.2.1.2 Radar object range measurement and tracking methods 46
        
        3.2.1.3 Object velocity measurement and tracking 47
      - 3.2.2 Radar measurement data modeling 47
        
        3.2.2.1 Ranging error 48
        
        3.2.2.2 Angle measurement error 49
        
        3.2.2.3 Velocity measurement error 52
        
        3.2.2.4 Mathematical model of systematic errors 52
      - 3.2.3 Typical space surveillance radar 53
        
        3.2.3.1 Mechanical scanning tracking radar 54
        
        3.2.3.2 Phased array radar 54
        
        3.2.3.3 Space fence 55
      - 3.3 Electro-optical detection technology 56
        
        3.3.1 Principles of electro-optical detection 56
        
        3.3.1.1 The optical structure of electro-optical telescopes 56
        
        3.3.1.2 Optical telescope’s mount structure 57
        
        3.3.2 Electric-optical telescopes measurement data types and positioning 58
        
        3.3.2.1 Measurement data 58
        
        3.3.2.2 Working mechanism and features of positioning 60
        
        3.3.3 Measurement models of electro-optical telescope 60
        
        3.3.3.2 Measurement model of celestial positioning 61
        
        3.3.3.1 Measurement model of shafting positioning 61
        
        3.3.4 Measurement errors and compensation techniques of telescopes 64
        
        3.3.4.1 Static errors 64
        
        3.3.4.2 Dynamic errors 65
        
        3.3.4.3 Angle measurement error model 67
        
        3.3.4.4 Error compensation technology 69
        
        3.4 Public correction models for measurement data 72
        
        3.4.1 The partial derivatives of each measurement element with respect to the space object position 72
        
        3.4.2 Tropospheric refraction error correction 73
        
        3.4.3 Ionospheric error correction 74
        
        3.4.4 General relativistic effect error correction 77
        
        3.4.5 Vertical deflection correction 78
        
        3.5 Relationship between detection network and orbit accuracy 78
      - 4 Space environment and object orbit 81
        
        4.1 Atmospheric effect on space object orbit 81
        
        4.2 Atmospheric density model 83
        
        4.2.1 Atmospheric density modeling principle 84
        
        4.2.1.1 Hydrostatic principle 84
        
        4.2.1.3 Introduction of parameters and fitting technique 85
        
        4.2.1.2 Data acquisition technology 85
        
        4.2.2 Introduction of current atmospheric density models 86
        
        4.2.2.1 Index model 88
        
        4.2.2.2 Jacchia77 atmospheric model 93
        
        4.2.2.3 MSIS00 model 102
        
        4.3 Systematic error and random error of atmospheric density models 114
        
        4.4 Prediction confidence level of space environment parameters influenced atmospheric density 117
        
        4.4.1 Analysis of F10.7 prediction confidence level 117
        
        4.4.2 Analysis of Ap prediction confidence level 118
        
        4.4.3 Impact of environmental parameters on orbit prediction error 119
        
        4.5 Calculation strategy of atmospheric perturbation for spacecraft collision avoidance warning calculation 123
        
        4.5.1 Resolving atmospheric damping coefficient and absorbing systematic error 123
        
        4.5.2 Application of atmospheric damping coefficient and analysis of orbit determination and prediction under normal geomag... 124
        
        4.5.3 Application of atmospheric damping coefficient and analysis of orbit determination and prediction under abnormal geom... 127
        
        5 Spacecraft collision warning orbit calculation method 131
        
        5.1 Precise orbital calculation method 132
        
        5.1.1 Orbital parameters optimal estimation method 132
        
        5.1.2 Numerical integration 134
        
        5.1.3 Numerical calculation of precise orbit 136
        
        5.1.3.1 The elements system 136
        
        5.1.3.2 Method matrix 136
        
        5.1.3.3 Dynamical modeling strategy 138
        
        5.2 Cataloged orbit calculation method 139
        
        5.2.2 Cataloging orbit calculation with two-line element 139
        
        5.2.2.1 The US cataloging system 139
        
        5.2.2.2 The US two-line elements 140
        
        5.2.2.3 Orbital principle of SGP4 model 142
        
        5.2.2.4 Orbit determination based on SGP4 model 147
        
        5.2.1 Simple numerical method (simplified dynamic model) 139
        
        5.2.3 The mean elements cataloging orbit calculation method 150
        
        5.2.3.1 Orbit extrapolation 150
        
        5.2.3.1.1 The mean element method 150
        
        5.2.3.1.2 The quasimean element method 152
        
        5.2.3.2 State transition matrix 154
        
        5.2.4 Precision analysis 154
        
        5.2.4.1 Simple numerical method accuracy analysis 154
        
        5.2.4.2 The US cataloging precision analysis 156
        
        5.2.4.3 Precision analysis with the mean element method 158
        
        5.2.4.4 Space object catalog error characteristic orbital analysis 159
        
        6 Spacecraft collision warning and avoidance strategy 163
        
        6.1 Collision warning calculation 164
        
        6.1.1 Risky object screening 164
        
        6.1.1.1 Screening by perigee and apogee 165
        
        6.1.1.1.1 Short-term change of perigee 165
        
        6.1.1.1.2 Long-term change of perigee 165
        
        6.1.1.1.3 Calculation and analysis of space object orbit change 166
        
        6.1.1.2 Screening by the geocentric distance of intersection 166
        
        6.1.1.3 Screening by the minimum distance between orbital planes 168
        
        6.1.2 The minimum distance calculation 169
        
        6.1.2.1 The minimum distance 169
        
        6.1.2.1.1 Space object orbit propagation 169
        
        6.1.2.1.2 The minimum distance calculation 170
        
        6.1.2.1.3 The relationship between relative velocity and relative distance at minimum distance 170
        
        6.1.2.2 The distance calculation in three directions 171
        
        6.1.2.3 The precision evaluation of three distance components 171
        
        6.1.2.4 Approaching angle and velocity calculation 173
        
        6.1.3 The probability of collision method 174
        
        6.1.3.1 Probability of collision 174
        
        6.1.3.2 The maximum probability of collision 174
        
        6.1.3.3 Influence of related parameters on probability of collision 176
        
        6.1.3.3.1 The Influence of distance and position error in N direction on probability of collision 177
        
        6.1.3.3.2 The Influence of distance and position error in U and W direction on probability of collision 178
        
        6.1.3.3.3 The influence of approaching angle on probability of collision 179
        
        6.2 The method of spacecraft avoidance 180
        
        6.2.1 Altitude avoidance method 182
        
        6.2.2 Time avoidance method 184
        
        6.3 Collision warning strategy for spacecraft safety operation and case studies 185
        
        6.3.1 Risky objects screening 186
        
        6.3.2 Daily warning analysis 191
        
        6.3.3 Precision collision warning 192
        
        6.3.4 Avoidance control 193
        
        References 195
        
        Index 201
        
        Back Cover 210

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Afiljacja autora

Zhang Rongzhi: Senior Researcher, State Key Laboratory of Astronautics Dynamics, Xi’an, China

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