Polymer Science and Innovative Applications

Opis

Polymer Science and Innovative Applications: Materials, Techniques, and Future Developments introduces the science of innovative polymers and composites, their analysis via experimental techniques and simulation, and their utilization in a variety of application areas. This approach helps to unlock the potential of new materials for product design and other uses. The book also examines the role that these applications play in the human world, from pollution and health impacts, to their potential to make a positive contribution in areas including environmental remediation, medicine and healthcare, and renewable energy. Advantages, disadvantages, possibilities, and challenges relating to the utilization of polymers in human society are included.

Presents the latest advanced applications of polymers and their composites and identifies key areas for future development
Introduces the simulation methods and experimental techniques involved in the modification of polymer properties, supported by clear and detailed images and diagrams
Supports an interdisciplinary approach, enabling readers across different fields to harness the power of new materials for innovative applications

Spis treści

Front Cover 2
Polymer Science and Innovative Applications 5
Copyright Page 6
Contents 7
List of contributors 13
1 Polymers to improve the world and lifestyle: physical, mechanical, and chemical needs 17
- 1.1 Introduction 17
- 1.2 Industrial revolutions and polymer applications 18
- 1.3 Polymers: general classification and production 19
  - 1.3.1 Fabrication methods 23
  - 1.3.2 Classification of polymers 25
    - 1.3.2.2 Thermosets 25
    - 1.3.2.1 Thermoplastics 25
    - 1.3.2.3 Elastomers (rubbers) 26
  - 1.4 Current lifestyle and the need of polymers 27

Front Cover 2
Polymer Science and Innovative Applications 5
Copyright Page 6
Contents 7
List of contributors 13
1 Polymers to improve the world and lifestyle: physical, mechanical, and chemical needs 17
- 1.1 Introduction 17
- 1.2 Industrial revolutions and polymer applications 18
- 1.3 Polymers: general classification and production 19
  - 1.3.1 Fabrication methods 23
  - 1.3.2 Classification of polymers 25
    - 1.3.2.2 Thermosets 25
    - 1.3.2.1 Thermoplastics 25
    - 1.3.2.3 Elastomers (rubbers) 26
  - 1.4 Current lifestyle and the need of polymers 27
  - 1.5 Polymers to composites 28
  - 1.6 Specific requirements of polymers using physical, mechanical, and chemical methods 29
  - 1.7 Internet of Things and smart materials 30
  - References 32
  - 1.8 Conclusions 32
  - Acknowledgments 32
- 2 Morphology analysis 37
  - 2.2 Polymer morphology 37
    - 2.2.1 Crystalline polymers 38
    - 2.2.2 Amorphous polymers 39
    - 2.2.3 Semicrystalline polymers 39
    - 2.2.4 Polymer blends 40
    - 2.2.5 Polymer composites 42
  - 2.1 Introduction 37
  - 2.3 Characterization methods 43
    - 2.3.1 Indirect observation methods 43
      - 2.3.1.1 X-ray diffraction 44
      - 2.3.1.2 Small angle light scattering 46
      - 2.3.1.3 Small angle X-ray scattering 48
      - 2.3.1.4 Differential scanning calorimetry 49
      - 2.3.1.5 Dynamic mechanical analysis 51
    - 2.3.2 Direct observation methods 53
      - 2.3.2.1 Optical microscopy 54
      - 2.3.2.2 Scanning electron microscopy 56
      - 2.3.2.3 Transmission electron microscopy 58
      - 2.3.2.4 Scanning tunneling microscopy 60
    - 2.3.2.5 Atomic force microscopy 61
  - 2.4 Applications 63
  - Acknowledgments 74
  - References 74
  - 2.5 Conclusion 74
- 3 Chemical analysis of polymers 85
  - 3.1 Introduction 85
  - 3.2 Molecular weight determination 86
    - 3.2.1 Determination of molecular weight by end group analysis 87
      - 3.2.1.1 Chemical analysis of amine, carboxyl and hydroxyl groups 88
    - 3.2.2 Determination of number average molecular weight by end group analysis 89
  - 3.3 Infrared spectroscopy 90
    - 3.3.1 Infrared analysis of saturated polymers 92
    - 3.3.2 Infrared analysis of polymers containing unsaturation 95
    - 3.3.3 Infrared analysis of polymers containing aromatic group 96
    - 3.3.4 Infrared analysis of polymers containing hydroxyl group 96
    - 3.3.5 Infrared analysis of polymers containing ester group 97
    - 3.3.6 Infrared analysis of polymers containing carboxylic acid group 98
    - 3.3.7 Infrared analysis of polymers containing amide group 100
  - 3.4 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 101
    - 3.4.1 Nuclear Zeeman splitting 103
    - 3.4.2 Chemical shift 105
    - 3.4.3 Spin–spin coupling 106
    - 3.4.4 Analysis of end groups by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 109
    - 3.4.5 Determination of molecular weight by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 113
    - 3.4.6 Copolymer analysis by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 115
  - 3.5 Mass spectrometry 117
    - 3.5.1 Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry 118
    - 3.5.2 Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry 118
    - 3.5.3 Applications of electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization spectrometry 119
  - 3.6 Conclusion 124
  - References 127
  - Acknowledgments 127
- 4 Mechanical analysis of polymers 133
  - 4.1 Introduction 133
  - 4.2 Mechanical properties of polymers 135
    - 4.2.1 Stress–strain behavior 135
    - 4.2.2 Viscoelasticity 137
    - 4.2.3 Time–temperature dependence 139
    - 4.2.4 Tensile strength 140
    - 4.2.5 Flexural modulus (modulus of elasticity) 141
    - 4.2.6 Elongation at break 142
    - 4.2.7 Crazing and shear yielding 142
    - 4.2.8 Fracture and fracture mechanics 146
    - 4.2.9 Coefficient of friction 148
    - 4.2.10 Fatigue and fatigue crack propagation 149
    - 4.2.11 Toughness 151
    - 4.2.12 Abrasion resistance 151
  - 4.3 Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis of polymers 152
  - 4.4 Factors affecting the mechanical properties of polymers 156
    - 4.4.1 Molecular weight 157
    - 4.4.2 Degree of crystallinity 158
    - 4.4.3 Temperature 159
    - 4.4.4 Processing methods 160
  - 4.5 Conclusion 163
  - References 163
- 5 Physical and thermal analysis of polymer 169
  - 5.1 Introduction 169
  - Techniques used for physical and thermal analysis of polymers 170
    - 5.1.1 Infrared and Raman spectroscopy 170
      - 5.1.1.1 Basic principle 170
      - 5.1.1.2 Applications 172
    - 5.1.2 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 182
      - 5.1.2.1 Basic principle 182
      - 5.1.2.2 Applications 183
    - 5.1.3 X-ray analysis 188
      - 5.1.3.2 Applications 188
      - 5.1.3.1 Basic principle 188
    - 5.1.4 Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy 193
      - 5.1.4.1 Basic principle 193
      - 5.1.4.2 Applications 194
    - 5.1.5 Thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry 197
      - 5.1.5.1 Basic principle 197
      - 5.1.5.2 Applications 199
        
        5.1.5.2.1 Thermogravimetry applications 199
        
        5.1.5.2.2 Differential thermal analysis and differential scanning calorimetry applications 204
      - 5.1.6 Quantum chemical calculations 213
        
        5.1.6.2 Applications 213
        
        5.1.6.1 Basic principle 213
      - 5.1.7 Gas permeation behavior 218
    - 5.2 Conclusion 218
    - Acknowledgment 219
    - References 219
  - 6 Theoretical simulation approaches to polymer research 223
    - 6.1 Introduction 223
    - 6.2 Methodologies and applications 224
      - 6.2.1 Molecular dynamics simulations 224
      - 6.2.2 Dissipative particle dynamics simulations 229
      - 6.2.3 Molecular theory 233
    - 6.3 Conclusion 237
    - References 238
  - 7 An example of theoretical approaches in polymer hydrogels: insights into the behavior of pH-responsive nanofilms 245
    - 7.1 Introduction 245
    - 7.2 Acid–base equilibrium in dilute solutions: ideal behavior 247
    - 7.3 Protonation of weak polyacid hydrogel films 249
      - 7.3.1 Local pH 250
      - 7.3.2 Displacement of chemical equilibrium: the role of salt concentration 251
    - 7.4 Histidine-tag adsorption to pH-responsive hydrogels 253
      - 7.4.1 Adsorption is a nonmonotonic function of pH 253
      - 7.4.2 Adsorption can modify the pH inside the hydrogel 255
    - 7.5 Adsorption of proteins to pH-sensitive hydrogels 257
      - 7.5.1 Protein model and solution titration curves 257
      - 7.5.2 The role of pH and salt concentration in the magnitude of adsorption 258
      - 7.5.3 Protein charge regulation 261
      - 7.5.4 Protonation of amino acids after adsorption 262
      - 7.5.5 Adsorption from binary protein mixtures 266
    - Acknowledgment 267
    - References 267
    - 7.6 Conclusion 267
  - 8 Pectin as oral colon-specific nano- and microparticulate drug carriers 273
    - 8.1 Introduction 273
      - 8.1.1 Synthetic polymers 273
      - 8.1.2 Natural polymer 274
    - 8.2 Pectin as bioactive dietary fiber 275
      - 8.2.1 Prebiotic 278
      - 8.2.2 Antibacterial 279
      - 8.2.3 Antioxidant 279
      - 8.2.5 Antitumor 280
      - 8.2.4 Antidiabetic 280
    - 8.3 Pectin-based oral drug delivery system 282
      - 8.3.1 Tablet 283
      - 8.3.2 Beads 283
      - 8.3.3 Pellets 286
      - 8.3.4 Nanoparticles 287
    - 8.4 Oral colon-specific drug delivery mechanism 289
    - 8.5 Conclusion 292
    - References 293
  - 9 Starch as oral colon-specific nano- and microparticulate drug carriers 303
    - 9.1 Introduction 303
    - 9.2 Polysaccharides as anticancer drug carriers 303
    - 9.3 Colon anatomy and physiology 304
    - 9.4 Colon cancer 312
      - 9.4.1 Colon cancer statistics 313
      - 9.4.2 Treatment modes, their disadvantages, and limitations 314
    - 9.5 Colon-specific drug delivery 316
    - 9.6 Starch as a drug carrier 320
      - 9.6.1 Physicochemical properties of starch 320
      - 9.6.2 Resistant starch 321
      - 9.6.3 Preparations of resistant starch 322
        
        9.6.3.1 Acetylation 323
        
        9.6.3.2 Acid hydrolysis 323
        
        9.6.3.6 Hydrothermal treatment 324
        
        9.6.3.4 Crosslinking 324
        
        9.6.3.5 Enzymatic debranching 324
        
        9.6.3.3 Amylose–lipid complexation 324
      - 9.6.4 Pharmaceutical applications of starch 325
      - 9.6.5 Starch as oral colon-specific drug carrier 325
        
        9.6.5.1 Beads 335
        
        9.6.5.2 Hydrogels 335
        
        9.6.5.3 Microparticles 335
        
        9.6.5.4 Nanoparticles 336
        
        9.6.5.5 Pellets 337
      - 9.7 Conclusion 337
      - Acknowledgment 337
      - References 338
    - 10 Polymers in textiles 347
      - 10.1 Introduction 347
      - 10.3 Terminology and definitions 348
      - 10.2 Brief history of manmade fibers 348
      - 10.4 Fiber manufacturing 349
        
        10.4.1 Melt spinning 350
        
        10.4.2 Dry spinning 351
        
        10.4.4 Gel spinning 352
        
        10.4.5 Nonwovens processing 352
        
        10.4.3 Wet spinning 352
      - 10.5 Characterization and testing of textile fibers 353
        
        10.5.1 Density 353
        
        10.5.4 Fiber identification 356
        
        10.5.4.3 Burn test 357
        
        10.5.4.1 Microscopy test 357
        
        10.5.4.2 Chemical test 357
        
        10.5.4.5 Stain test 358
        
        10.5.4.4 Density test 358
        
        10.5.2 Mechanical properties 356
        
        10.5.2.1 Tenacity 356
        
        10.5.2.2 Elongation to break 356
        
        10.5.3 Fiber structure and morphology 356
        
        10.5.5 Other characterization and identification techniques 358
      - 10.6 Polymers in textiles: major manmade fibers 358
        
        10.6.1 Polyester 359
        
        10.6.1.1 Chemistry 359
        
        10.6.1.2 Properties 359
        
        10.6.1.3 Uses 360
        
        10.6.2 Nylon 361
        
        10.6.2.1 Chemistry 361
        
        10.6.2.2 Properties 362
        
        10.6.2.3 Uses 362
        
        10.6.3 Acetate fiber 362
        
        10.6.3.1 Chemistry 362
        
        10.6.3.3 Uses 363
        
        10.6.3.2 Properties 363
        
        10.6.4 Acrylic fiber 363
        
        10.6.4.1 Chemistry 364
        
        10.6.4.2 Properties 364
        
        10.6.4.3 Uses 364
        
        10.6.5 Modacrylic fiber 364
        
        10.6.5.1 Chemistry 364
        
        10.6.5.2 Properties 364
        
        10.6.5.3 Uses 365
        
        10.6.6 Spandex fiber 365
        
        10.6.6.1 Chemistry 365
        
        10.6.6.2 Properties 365
        
        10.6.6.3 Uses 366
        
        10.6.7 High-performance fibers 366
        
        10.6.7.1 Aramids (Nomex and Kevlar) 366
        
        10.6.7.1.1 Chemistry 366
        
        10.6.7.1.2 Properties 366
        
        10.6.7.1.3 Uses 367
        
        10.6.7.2 Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene 368
        
        10.6.7.2.2 Properties 368
        
        10.6.7.2.1 Chemistry 368
        
        10.6.7.2.3 Uses 369
        
        10.6.7.3 Carbon fiber 369
        
        10.6.7.3.1 Chemistry 369
        
        10.6.7.3.2 Properties 369
        
        10.6.7.3.3 Uses 369
        
        10.6.8 Polyolefins 371
        
        10.6.8.1 Chemistry 371
        
        10.6.8.2 Properties 373
        
        10.6.8.3 Uses 373
        
        References 375
        
        10.7 Conclusion 375
        
        11 Polymers in electronics 381
        
        11.1 Introduction 381
        
        11.2 Type of polymers 383
        
        11.2.1 Conducting polymers 383
        
        11.2.1.1 Traditional sequences of conducting polymer 383
        
        11.2.1.2 Features of conducting polymers 383
        
        11.2.1.3 Structure of conducting polymers 384
        
        11.2.1.4 Advantages of conducting polymers 385
        
        11.2.2 Semiconducting polymers 385
        
        11.2.2.1 Filled polymers 385
        
        11.2.2.2 Ionic polymers or ionomers 386
        
        11.2.2.3 Charge transfer polymers 386
        
        11.2.2.4 Conjugated conducting polymers 387
        
        11.2.2.4.1 Charge transport polymer 387
        
        11.3 Applications of semiconducting polymers 388
        
        11.3.1 Fuel cells 388
        
        11.3.2 Piezoelectric materials 389
        
        11.3.3 Optoelectronics 390
        
        11.3.4 Flexible electronics 393
        
        11.3.5 Printable electronics 394
        
        11.3.6 Dielectrics 395
        
        11.3.7 Sensors 398
        
        11.3.7.1 Temperature sensors 399
        
        11.3.7.2 pH sensors 400
        
        11.3.7.3 Gas sensors 401
        
        11.3.7.4 Ion-selective sensors 401
        
        11.3.7.7 Multisensors 402
        
        11.3.7.5 Stress sensors 402
        
        11.3.7.6 Biosensors 402
        
        11.4 Conclusion 403
        
        Acknowledgment 403
        
        References 404
        
        12 Polymers in robotics 409
        
        12.1 Introduction 409
        
        12.1.1 Robotics: the term, the idea 409
        
        12.1.2 History of robots 410
        
        12.1.3 Classification of robots 411
        
        12.1.3.1 Degrees of freedom 411
        
        12.1.3.3 Drive technology 412
        
        12.1.3.2 Kinematic structure 412
        
        12.1.3.6 Applications 413
        
        12.1.3.4 Workspace geometry 413

Pokaż więcej

Materials, Techniques, and Future Developments

Opis

Spis treści

Recenzje (0)