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Advances in Steam Turbines for Modern Power Plants
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Advances in Steam Turbines for Modern Power Plants
Autorzy: Tadashi Tanuma Wydawnictwo: Elsevier Science Data wydania: 2022 Język publikacji: Angielski Liczba stron: 681 Formaty publikacji: EAN: 9780323915519 ISBN: 9780323915519 Kategoria: Energy technology & engineering Indeks wydawcy: C2020-0-01671-3 Nota bibliograficzna: -
Spis treści
- Front Cover 2
- Advances in Steam Turbines for Modern Power Plants 5
- Copyright Page 6
- Contents 7
- List of contributors 19
-
I. Steam Turbine Cycles and Cycle Design Optimization
21
-
1 Introduction to steam turbines for power plants
23
- 1.1 Features of steam turbines 23
- 1.2 Roles of steam turbines in power generation 26
-
1.3 Technology trends of steam turbines
27
-
1.3.1 Steam turbines for thermal power plants (except combined cycle)
27
- 1.3.1.1 Increase steam temperature and pressure 27
- 1.3.1.4 Enhancement of operational availability in low-load conditions and load-following capability 28
- 1.3.1.2 Development of highly efficient last-stage long blades 28
- 1.3.1.3 Enhancement of efficiency 28
-
1.3.1 Steam turbines for thermal power plants (except combined cycle)
27
-
1 Introduction to steam turbines for power plants
23
- Front Cover 2
- Advances in Steam Turbines for Modern Power Plants 5
- Copyright Page 6
- Contents 7
- List of contributors 19
-
I. Steam Turbine Cycles and Cycle Design Optimization
21
-
1 Introduction to steam turbines for power plants
23
- 1.1 Features of steam turbines 23
- 1.2 Roles of steam turbines in power generation 26
-
1.3 Technology trends of steam turbines
27
-
1.3.1 Steam turbines for thermal power plants (except combined cycle)
27
- 1.3.1.1 Increase steam temperature and pressure 27
- 1.3.1.4 Enhancement of operational availability in low-load conditions and load-following capability 28
- 1.3.1.2 Development of highly efficient last-stage long blades 28
- 1.3.1.3 Enhancement of efficiency 28
- 1.3.4 Steam turbines for geothermal, solar thermal, and bioenergy power plants 29
- 1.3.2 Steam turbines for combined-cycle power plants 29
- 1.3.3 Steam turbines for nuclear power plants 29
-
1.3.1 Steam turbines for thermal power plants (except combined cycle)
27
- 1.4 The aim of this book 29
- References 30
-
2 Steam turbine cycles and cycle design optimization: the Rankine cycle, thermal power cycles, and integrated gasification-...
31
-
2.2 Basic cycles of steam turbine plants
31
- 2.2.1 Rankine cycle 32
- 2.2.2 Theoretical thermal efficiency of the Rankine cycle 34
-
2.2.3 Influence of design parameter on thermal efficiency
36
- 2.2.3.1 Steam inlet pressure 36
- 2.2.3.2 Steam inlet temperature 36
- 2.2.3.3 Exhaust pressure 37
- 2.2.4 Reheat cycle 38
- 2.2.5 Regenerating cycle 39
- 2.2.6 Reheat–regenerating cycle 40
- 2.2.7 Calculation of thermal efficiency for the thermal power station 41
- 2.1 Introduction 31
-
2.3 Types of steam turbines
43
- 2.3.1 Condensing turbine 43
- 2.3.2 Backpressure turbine 43
- 2.3.3 Extraction condensing turbine 45
- 2.3.4 Mixed-pressure turbine 46
-
2.4 Various steam turbine cycles and technologies to improve thermal efficiency
49
- 2.4.1 Steam turbine cycle for petrochemical plant 49
- 2.4.2 Gas- and steam-turbine-combined cycle 50
- 2.4.3 Cogeneration system 52
- 2.4.4 Ultra-supercritical pressure thermal power plant 52
- 2.4.6 Integrated coal gasification-combined cycle power plant 56
- 2.4.5 Advanced USC pressure thermal power plant 56
-
2.4.7 Advanced cycle
58
- 2.4.7.1 Triple-combined cycle 58
- 2.4.7.2 Supercritical CO2 cycle 58
- 2.4.7.3 Binary cycle 59
- 2.5 Conclusion 60
- References 60
-
3 Steam turbine cycles and cycle design optimization: advanced ultra-supercritical thermal power plants and nuclear power p...
61
- 3.1 Introduction 61
-
3.2 Advanced ultra-supercritical thermal power plants
61
- 3.2.1 Progress of steam condition improvement in fossil-fired power plants 61
- 3.2.2 Cycle and turbine design optimization 63
- 3.2.3 Features of advanced ultra-supercritical turbines and technical considerations 66
-
3.3 Nuclear power plants
68
- 3.3.1 Cycle and features of boiling water reactor 68
- 3.3.2 Cycle and features of pressurized water reactor 71
- 3.3.3 Cycle and turbine design optimization 73
- 3.3.4 Features of nuclear turbines and technical considerations 74
- 3.3.5 Features of small modular reactor and its steam turbine 75
- 3.4 Conclusion 78
- References 79
- Acknowledgments 79
-
4 Steam turbine cycles and cycle design optimization: combined cycle power plants
81
- 4.1 Definitions 81
-
4.2 Introduction to combined cycle power plants
83
- 4.2.1 History of gas turbine combined cycle plants 84
-
4.3 Combined cycle thermodynamics
84
- 4.3.1 Thermal cycle overview 84
-
4.3.2 Heat recovery considerations
89
- 4.3.2.1 Heat source temperature 90
- 4.3.2.2 Steam generation pressure levels 91
- 4.3.2.3 Steam turbine impacts 95
- 4.3.2.4 Reheat 96
-
4.3.3 Efficiency definitions
96
- 4.3.3.1 First law 96
- 4.3.3.2 Second law 97
- 4.3.3.3 Efficiency drivers and tradeoffs 98
-
4.4 Markets served
100
- 4.4.1 Power generation 100
- 4.4.2 Cogeneration 100
- 4.4.3 District heating 101
- 4.4.4 Power generation+concentrated solar power 101
- 4.4.5 Integrated gasification combined cycle 102
- 4.4.6 Carbon capture and storage 102
-
4.5 Major plant systems overview
107
- 4.5.1 Plant configurations: single and multishaft 107
- 4.5.2 Gas turbine 108
- 4.5.4 Steam turbine 111
- 4.5.3 Heat recovery steam generator 111
-
4.5.5 Balance of plant
112
- 4.5.5.1 Heat rejection 112
- 4.5.5.2 Construction 114
-
4.5.6 Gas turbine combined cycle plant design considerations
116
- 4.5.6.1 Thermo-economics 116
- 4.5.6.2 Operability considerations 116
- 4.5.6.3 Turn down 119
-
4.6 Combined cycles trends
120
- 4.6.2 Alternate bottoming cycle working fluids 120
- 4.6.1 Steam conditions 120
- 4.7 Conclusion 121
- References 121
-
5 Steam turbine life cycle cost evaluations and comparison with other power systems
123
- 5.1 Introduction 123
- 5.2 Cost estimation and comparison with other power systems 124
-
5.3 Technological learning
126
- 5.3.1 Technological change and technological learning 126
- 5.3.2 Application of technological learning on R&D investment 127
-
5.4 The modeling of technological learning
128
- 5.4.1 Learning curve definition 128
- 5.4.2 Two-factors learning curve 131
- 5.4.3 Technological learning combined with energy modeling 131
- 5.4.4 Application to sustainable energy system design 133
- 5.5 Conclusions 134
- References 134
-
II. Steam Turbine Analysis, Measurement and Monitoring for Design Optimization
137
-
6 Design and analysis for aerodynamic efficiency enhancement of steam turbines
139
- 6.2 Overview of losses in steam turbines 139
- 6.1 Introduction 139
- 6.3 Overview of aerodynamic design of steam turbines 144
-
6.4 Design and analysis for aerodynamic efficiency enhancement
146
- 6.4.1 Blade profile design and analysis 146
-
6.4.2 Turbine blade and stage design and analysis
148
- 6.4.2.1 3D design and development of a short-blade stage 148
- 6.4.2.2 3D design and development of a long-blade stage 150
- 6.4.3 Design optimization of steam turbine blades and stages 151
- 6.5 Future trends 154
- 6.6 Conclusions 155
- References 155
-
7 Mechanical design and vibration analysis of steam turbine blades
159
-
7.1 Categories of steam turbine blade vibration
159
-
7.1.1 Forced vibration of the blade
160
- 7.1.1.1 Vibration due to flow distortion 160
- 7.1.1.2 Vibration due to stage interaction force 161
- 7.1.1.3 Vibration due to shock load 162
- 7.1.1.4 Random vibration due to flow disturbance 162
- 7.1.2 Self-excited vibration of the blade 163
- 7.1.3 Vibration due to mistuned phenomena 164
-
7.1.1 Forced vibration of the blade
160
-
7.2 Mechanical design of the blade
165
- 7.2.1 Summary of the mechanical design of the blade 165
- 7.2.2 Analysis of natural frequency 166
- 7.2.3 Analysis of resonant stress due to the stage interaction force 169
- 7.2.4 Analysis of the resonant response due to the shock load 170
- 7.2.5 Analysis of random vibration 173
- 7.2.6 Analysis of blade flutter 174
- 7.2.7 Analysis of blade damping 176
- 7.2.8 Analysis of mistuned system 177
- 7.3 Measurement and guideline for blade vibration 179
- Reference 181
-
7.1 Categories of steam turbine blade vibration
159
-
8 Steam turbine rotor design and rotor dynamics analysis
183
-
8.1 Categories of steam turbine rotor vibration
183
-
8.1.1 Forced vibration of a steam turbine rotor
184
-
8.1.1.1 Vibration due to rotor imbalance
184
- Imbalance vibration due to errors in rotor geometry 187
- Vibration due to thermal bending 187
- Coupled vibration between turbine casing and foundation 190
- 8.1.1.2 Vibration due to fluid disturbance 190
-
8.1.1.1 Vibration due to rotor imbalance
184
-
8.1.2 Self-excited vibration of steam turbine rotor
190
- 8.1.2.1 Oil whip 190
- 8.1.2.2 Steam whirl 192
- 8.1.3 Torsional vibration 196
-
8.1.1 Forced vibration of a steam turbine rotor
184
-
8.2 Mechanical design of steam turbine rotors
198
- 8.2.1 Overview of different rotor design and technology 198
-
8.2.2 Summary of mechanical design
199
- 8.2.2.1 Structure and geometry of the rotor 199
- 8.2.2.3 Design of casing and foundation 200
- 8.2.2.2 Design of bearings 200
-
8.2.3 Rotor dynamics analysis of steam turbine rotor
201
-
8.2.3.1 Analysis method and model (lateral vibration)
201
- Model of rotor shaft 202
- Model of bearing 202
- Model of bearing support 203
- Model of casing and foundations 204
- Model of fluid force 205
- 8.2.3.2 Analysis method and model (torsional vibration) 205
-
8.2.3.1 Analysis method and model (lateral vibration)
201
-
8.2.4 Evaluation of rotor dynamics (lateral vibration)
206
- 8.2.4.1 Critical speed map 207
- 8.2.4.2 Q-factor diagram 208
- 8.2.4.3 Evaluation of rotor stability 210
- 8.2.5 Evaluation of rotor dynamics (torsional vibration) 210
-
8.3 Measurement and guidelines for rotor vibration
210
- 8.3.1 Measurement of steam turbine rotor vibration 210
- 8.3.2 Allowable rotor vibration 212
- References 212
-
8.1 Categories of steam turbine rotor vibration
183
-
9 Steam turbine design for load-following capability and highly efficient partial operation
215
-
9.1 Introduction
215
- 9.1.2 Increasing the maximum load of plants 216
- 9.1.5 Improving the load-frequency response of plants 216
- 9.1.3 Lowering the minimum operation load of plants 216
- 9.1.1 Shortening the start-up time of turbines 216
- 9.1.4 Improving the load-following capability (controllability of load control) of plants 216
- 9.1.6 Contribution to grid system stabilization capability 217
- 9.2 Solution for grid code requirement 217
- 9.3 Load-frequency control of thermal power plants 220
- 9.4 Current capacity of thermal power governor-free operation and load-frequency control 221
- 9.5 Over load valve 222
- 9.6 Requirement for the accuracy of simulation models 226
- References 227
- 9.7 Conclusion 227
-
9.1 Introduction
215
-
10 Analysis and design of wet-steam stages
229
-
10.1 Introduction
229
- 10.1.1 An overview of wet-steam phenomena 230
-
10.1.2 Implications for turbine design
232
- 10.1.2.1 The effect of condensation on the flow field 232
- 10.1.2.2 Wetness losses 232
- 10.1.2.3 Droplet size distributions 234
-
10.2 Basic theory and governing equations
234
- 10.2.1 Gas-dynamic equations 234
-
10.2.2 Formation and growth of the liquid phase
236
- 10.2.2.1 Classical nucleation theory 237
- 10.2.2.2 Droplet growth 239
- 10.2.2.3 Heterogeneous effects 240
-
10.3 Numerical methods
241
-
10.3.1 Evaluation of steam properties
242
- 10.3.1.1 Look-up tables 242
- 10.3.1.2 Equations for subcooled steam 243
- 10.3.2 Fully Eulerian methods 244
-
10.3.3 The standard method of moments
245
- 10.3.3.1 The quadrature method of moments 245
- 10.3.4 Mixed Eulerian–Lagrangian calculations 246
-
10.3.5 Other methods
248
- 10.3.5.1 Streamline curvature calculations 248
- 10.3.5.2 Wake-chopping models 249
-
10.3.6 Examples of application
250
- 10.3.6.1 Nozzle flows 250
- 10.3.6.2 The international wet steam modeling project 252
- 10.3.6.4 Comparison with cascade experiments 254
- 10.3.6.3 Unsteady supercritical heat addition within nozzles 254
- 10.3.6.5 Unsteady multistage calculations 255
-
10.4 Measurement methods
258
- 10.4.1 Fine droplets 258
- 10.4.2 Coarse water droplets 260
- 10.4.3 Unsteady flow 263
- 10.4.4 Pitot loss measurements 268
-
10.5 Design considerations
271
- 10.5.1 Performance estimation in wet steam 271
-
10.5.2 Water droplet erosion
272
- 10.5.2.1 Erosion rate models 273
- 10.5.2.2 Erosion countermeasures 274
- 10.5.2.3 Coarse water droplets in steam turbines 275
- Notation 277
- Acknowledgments 277
- References 278
-
11 Solid particle erosion analysis and protection design for steam turbines
287
- 11.1 Introduction 287
- 11.2 Susceptible area of erosion 287
- 11.3 Considerations on boiler design and plant design 289
-
11.4 Considerations on turbine design and operation mode
290
- 11.4.1 Size and number of blade 290
- 11.4.2 Operational mode (nozzle governing and throttle governing) 291
-
11.5 Result of erosion
293
- 11.5.1 Efficiency deterioration 293
- 11.5.2 Rotor vibration 296
-
11.6 Considerations of parameters on erosion and countermeasure
301
- 11.6.1 Effect of impinge angle 301
- 11.6.2 Effect of impinge velocity 301
-
11.6.4 Coatings
303
- 11.6.4.2 Chromium carbide coating by plasma spray 304
- 11.6.4.1 Boride coating 304
- 11.6.4.3 Other coatings 305
- 11.6.4.4 Blade profile 305
- 11.6.3 Effect of material 303
- 11.7 Conclusion 306
- References 306
-
12 Steam turbine monitoring technology, validation, and verification tests for power plants
307
- 12.1 Introduction to power plant testing and monitoring 307
-
12.2 Performance type testing
309
- 12.2.1 Acceptance testing 309
- 12.2.2 Testing of steam turbines in fossil-fired units 309
- 12.2.3 Enthalpy drop test 311
- 12.2.4 Heat rate determination from testing 312
- 12.2.5 Full-scale ASME PTC 6 test 312
- 12.2.6 Alternative test ASME PTC 6 314
- 12.2.9 Testing of steam turbines in combined-cycle units 315
- 12.2.7 ASME PTC 6S test 315
- 12.2.8 Output capacity test 315
- 12.2.10 Testing of steam turbines in nuclear plants 317
-
12.3 Steam turbine component-type testing
319
- 12.3.1 Blade vibration testing 319
- 12.3.2 Steam turbine rotor train testing 320
- 12.3.3 Steam turbine structures testing 321
- 12.3.4 Steam turbine aerodynamic testing 321
- 12.4 Steam turbine monitoring 323
- 12.5 Summary 325
- 12.6 Power plant testing—a look ahead 325
- References 326
-
III. Development of Materials, Blades and Important Parts of Steam Turbines
327
-
13 Development in materials for ultra-supercritical and advanced ultra-supercritical steam turbines
329
- 13.1 Introduction 329
-
13.2 Efficiency improvement of ultra-supercritical and advanced ultra-supercritical turbines
331
- 13.2.2 Efficiency of ultra-supercritical and advanced ultra-supercritical 331
- 13.2.1 Definition of ultra-supercritical and advanced ultra-supercritical 331
-
13.3 Material development for ultra-supercritical steam turbines
333
- 13.3.1 General considerations 333
-
13.3.2 Rotor material
334
- 13.3.2.1 Rotor material for 566°C-class turbine (12Cr) 334
- 13.3.2.2 Material for 593°C-class turbine (modified 12Cr) 336
- 13.3.2.3 Material for 600°C–630°C-class turbine (new 12Cr) 336
- 13.3.2.4 Low-pressure turbine rotor 337
- 13.3.3 Blade material 337
- 13.3.4 Casting 338
-
13 Development in materials for ultra-supercritical and advanced ultra-supercritical steam turbines
329
-
10.3.1 Evaluation of steam properties
242
-
10.1 Introduction
229
-
6 Design and analysis for aerodynamic efficiency enhancement of steam turbines
139
-
2.2 Basic cycles of steam turbine plants
31
-
1 Introduction to steam turbines for power plants
23