Renal and Transplant Surgery: Prepare for the MRCS

Opis

For over 30 years Surgery has been at the forefront of providing high quality articles, written by experienced authorities and designed for candidates sitting the Intercollegiate surgery examinations. The journal covers the whole of the surgical syllabus as represented by the Intercollegiate Surgical Curriculum. Each topic is covered in a rolling programme of updates thus ensuring contemporaneous coverage of the core curriculum.

For the first time the articles on renal and transplantation surgery are now available in ebook format. This collection of nearly 40 articles will be ideal for revision for the Intercollegiate MRCS examination as well as a useful update for all seeking to keep abreast with the latest advances in this particular branch of surgery.

All the articles are written to correspond with the Intercollegiate Surgical Curriculum.

These high-calibre and concise articles are designed to help you pass the MRCS examinations.

The ebook contains both basic scientific and clinical articles.

Also includes both related MCQ and extended matching questions to test your understanding of the contents.

Spis treści

Front Cover 2
Renal and Transplant Surgery: Prepare for the MRCS 3
Copyright Page 4
Preface 6
About The Surgery Journal 7
v31i3 9
- Fm 9
- Table of Content 10
- Paediatric anatomy 11
  - Respiratory system 11
  - Gastrointestinal system (Figure 1) 11
  - Musculoskeletal system 11
  - Cardiovascular system 13
  - Genitourinary system (Figures 2 and 3) 13
  - FURTHER READING 15

Front Cover 2
Renal and Transplant Surgery: Prepare for the MRCS 3
Copyright Page 4
Preface 6
About The Surgery Journal 7
v31i3 9
- Fm 9
- Table of Content 10
- Paediatric anatomy 11
  - Respiratory system 11
  - Gastrointestinal system (Figure 1) 11
  - Musculoskeletal system 11
  - Cardiovascular system 13
  - Genitourinary system (Figures 2 and 3) 13
  - FURTHER READING 15
  - Lymphatic system 15
  - Summary 15
- Fetal to neonatal transition — how does it take place? 16
  - Introduction 16
  - How do the environments differ? 16
  - From blue to pink in under 1 minute 16
  - Developing sustained breathing 17
  - Fetal lung fluid reabsorption 17
  - Surfactant production 17
  - Conversion from fetal to neonatal circulation 18
  - Renal maturation 19
  - Haematological adaptation 19
  - Gastrointestinal maturation 19
  - Summary 19
  - Nutritional independence 19
  - Ophthalmological adaptation 19
- Fetal to neonatal transition — what can go wrong? 20
  - Transient tachypnoea of the newborn (TTN) 20
  - Introduction 20
  - Triggers for maladaptation 20
  - Surfactant deficiency — hyaline membrane disease — respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) 21
  - Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) 22
  - Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN, persistent fetal circulation (PFC)) 22
  - FURTHER READING 23
  - Transient hyperinsulinaemia 23
  - Summary 23
- Advances in fetal surgery 24
  - Introduction 24
  - Airway obstruction 24
  - Aqueductal stenosis 24
  - Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) 24
  - Lower urinary tract obstruction (LUTO) 25
  - Sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT) 26
  - Cystic lung lesions including congenital cystic adenomatoid malformations (CCAM) 26
  - Myelomeningocele (MMC) 27
  - Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome 27
  - Metabolic and cellular defects 28
  - Gastroschisis 28
  - Conclusion 28
  - Cleft lip and palate 28
  - REFERENCES 28
- Necrotizing enterocolitis 29
  - Aetiology 29
  - Clinical features 29
  - Epidemiology/pathology 29
  - Surgical intervention 31
  - Summary 32
  - FURTHER READING 32
- Trauma in children: abdomen and thorax 33
  - Children compared with adults 33
  - Abdominal trauma 33
  - Non-operative management of blunt abdominal trauma 35
  - Hollow viscus injury 35
  - Solid organ injuries 35
  - Thoracic trauma 37
  - Summary 38
  - FURTHER READING 38
- Foreskin and penile problems in childhood 40
  - Natural history of the foreskin 40
  - Paraphimosis 40
  - The non-retractile foreskin 40
  - Introduction 40
  - Inflammatory conditions 40
  - Balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO) 41
  - Religion and culture 41
  - Hypospadias 42
  - The foreskin and urinary tract infection 42
  - Circumcision 42
  - Epispadias 43
  - Congenital megaprepuce 43
  - REFERENCES 44
- Hydronephrosis in children: pelviureteric junction dysfunction 45
  - Natural history 45
  - Incidence/demographics 45
  - Presentation 45
  - Aetiology 45
  - Antenatal detection and initial postnatal management 45
  - Introduction 45
  - Investigations 46
  - Management of symptomatic patients 46
  - Surgery 46
  - Management of the asymptomatic patient 47
  - FURTHER READING 49
  - Conclusion 49
- Day-case surgery in children 50
  - Guidelines 50
  - Introduction 50
  - Suitable general surgical day-case operations in children 51
  - Social factors 52
  - Patient selection guidelines 52
  - Special considerations 52
  - Emergency procedures 52
  - Summary 53
  - Parental expectations e what is most important to the parents? 53
  - REFERENCES 53
  - Reasons for failure of day-case surgery 53
  - FURTHER READING 54
- Outline placeholder 55
v31i7 57
- Fm 57
- Table of Content 58
- Anatomy of the lower urinary tract 59
  - Urinary bladder 59
  - Prostate 62
  - Male urethra 63
  - Female urethra 64
- Surgical anatomy of the kidney and ureters 66
  - Position and function 66
  - Gross anatomy 66
  - Embryology 66
  - Anatomical relations 66
  - Microscopic anatomy 66
  - Suprarenal (adrenal) glands 67
  - Vasculature 67
  - FURTHER READING 68
- The physiology and pharmacology of the urinary tract 69
  - Functional description of the LUT 69
  - Afferent signals arising from the LUT and central processing 69
  - Nervous control of the LUT 71
  - Measurement of LUT function 71
  - Pathophysiology and pharmacology of the LUT 71
  - Detrusor smooth muscle e the cellular basis of contraction 72
  - Pharmacological therapies for the dysfunctional bladder 72
  - The prostate and bladder outflow obstruction (BOO) 73
  - Central nervous system targets — inhibitory and excitatory transmitters 73
  - Urinary tract stones — composition, inhibitors and promoters 74
  - The upper urinary tract 74
  - Upper urinary tract stones – investigations and treatment 75
  - Summary 75
  - FURTHER READING 76
- Urological diagnosis, history and investigation 77
  - Introduction 77
  - Urological history 77
  - Urological examination 79
  - Urological investigation 81
  - REFERENCES 84
  - FURTHER READING 85
- Obstruction of the upper and lower urinary tract 86
  - Investigations in upper tract obstruction 86
  - Upper urinary tract obstruction 86
  - Management 89
  - Acute 91
  - Chronic 91
  - Lower urinary tract obstruction 91
  - Investigations 91
  - Management 92
  - Acknowledgements 93
  - FURTHER READING 93
- Management of stone disease 94
  - Clinical features 94
  - Introduction 94
  - Investigations 95
  - Interventional 97
  - Management 97
  - Renal calculi 99
  - Bladder calculi 100
  - FURTHER READING 101
  - Complications of urinary calculi 101
  - Acknowledgements 101
  - Prevention of recurrence 101
- Genitourinary trauma 102
  - Introduction 102
  - Renal trauma 102
  - Ureteral trauma 105
  - Bladder trauma 106
  - Urethral trauma 107
  - FURTHER READING 110
- Congenital abnormalities of the lower urinary tract 111
  - Posterior urethral valves 111
  - Introduction 111
  - Anterior urethral valves and syringocele 112
  - Urethral atresia 113
  - Genitourinary and rectourinary fistulae 113
  - The bladder exstrophy – epispadias – cloacal exstrophy sequence 113
  - Megalourethra 113
  - Urethral duplication 113
  - Paramesonephric remnants 113
  - Urachal anomalies 113
  - Hypospadias 115
  - Buried penis and megaprepuce 116
  - REFERENCES 116
- General paediatric urology 118
  - Genitalia 118
  - Inguinoscrotal conditions 119
  - Inguinoscrotal swellings and the acute scrotum 119
  - Urinary tract infection (UTI) 121
  - Urinary incontinence 122
  - Other conditions 124
  - REFERENCES 125
  - FURTHER READING 125
- Outline placeholder 126
v31i10 128
- Fm 128
- Table of Content 129
- Pathology of tumours of the male genital tract 130
  - Tumours of the prostate gland 130
  - Testicular tumours 133
  - FURTHER READING 136
  - Penile tumours 136
  - Tumours of the kidney 137
  - Pathology of urinary tract tumours 137
  - Pathology of urinary tract tumours 137
  - REFERENCES 141
  - Conclusion 141
- Haematuria 142
  - Introduction 142
  - Aetiology 143
  - Diagnosis 143
  - Flexible cystoscopy 144
  - Upper tract imaging 144
  - Investigations of haematuria 144
  - Plain X-ray KUB 145
  - Urine cytology 145
  - Blood tests 145
  - Other investigations 146
  - Haematuria as an emergency 147
  - Haemorrhagic cystitis 147
  - Summary 148
  - FURTHER READING 148
- Prostate cancer 149
  - Aetiology and epidemiology 149
  - Pathology of prostate cancer 150
  - Staging 150
  - Diagnosis 150
  - Prevention of prostate cancer 151
  - Screening 151
  - Locally confined disease 152
  - Management of prostate cancer 152
  - Locally advanced disease 153
  - Metastatic disease 153
  - Castrate resistant prostate cancer 154
  - Conclusions 154
  - Bone-targeted therapies for metastatic prostate cancer 154
  - Complications of metastatic disease 154
  - FURTHER READING 155
  - REFERENCES 155
- Bladder cancer 156
  - Epidemiology 156
  - Aetiology 156
  - Definition 156
  - Pathology and pathogenesis 156
  - Diagnosis 157
  - Non-muscle-invasive 158
  - Muscle-invasive disease 158
  - Management 158
  - Urinary diversion 159
  - Radical cystectomy 159
  - Radical radiotherapy 160
  - Advanced disease 160
  - trials.Neo-adjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy 160
  - Targeted therapies 161
  - Conclusion 161
  - Prognosis 161
  - REFERENCES 161
  - Costs and economics 161
- Renal cancer 163
  - Risk factors 163
  - Introduction 163
  - Pathology 163
  - Epidemiology 163
  - Hereditary kidney cancer 163
  - Diagnosis 164
  - Staging 165
  - Treatment – localized renal cancer 165
  - Treatment – metastatic disease 166
  - FURTHER READING 167
  - Summary 167
- Management of testicular tumours 168
  - Presentation and diagnosis 168
  - Overview 168
  - Management 170
  - Treatment of CS1 NSGCT 171
  - Treatment of CS1 seminoma 173
  - Management of advanced testicular cancer 173
  - Conclusion 175
  - FURTHER READING 175
- Outline placeholder 176
v31i12 178
- Fm 178
- Table of Content 179
- Paediatric fluid and electrolyte therapy guidelines 180
  - Postoperative fluid prescriptions – new regulations 180
  - Prescribing intravenous (IV) fluids 180
  - NPSA: The dangers of 4% glucose 0.18% saline 180
  - Correcting previous fluid and electrolyte deficits 181
  - Maintenance fluid requirements in children 181
  - Circulatory support in shock 181
  - Common electrolyte derangements 182
  - Postoperative fluid management 182
  - Monitoring of fluid therapy 182

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