Advances in Food Traceability Techniques and Technologies

Opis

Advances in Food Traceability Techniques and Technologies: Improving Quality Throughout the Food Chain covers in detail a topic of great importance to both the food industry which is obliged to provide clear and accurate labeling of their products and the government and other organizations which are tasked with verification of claims of food quality and safety.

The traceability of food products is becoming ever more important as globalization continues to increase the complexity of food chains. Coverage in the book includes the wide range of technologies and techniques which have been utilized in the tracing of food products. In addition, the ways in which the misuse of food traceability will affect the quality of food is also covered throughout.

The first part of the book introduces the concept of traceability in the food industry, highlighting advantages of a robust traceability and the difficulties involved in implementing them. The second part looks at the technologies used to trace products, and the third section reviews the legal requirements for food traceability in the EU, the US, and the rest of the world.

The final section contains a number of case studies which evaluate how food traceability has been successfully implemented in various foods focusing on the quality of the food.

Provides a wide ranging overview of all recent advances in food traceability techniques and technologies
Presents case studies covering when food traceability techniques have been applied to a range of food stuffs
Covers the legal aspects of food traceability in the EU, the USA, and around the world

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Front Cover 2
Advances in Food Traceability Techniques and Technologies 3
Related titles 4
Advances in Food Traceability Techniques and Technologies: Improving Quality Throughout the Food Chain 5
Copyright 6
Contents 7
List of Contributors 13
Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition 17
One - Introduction to Food Traceability 31
- 1 - What Is Food Traceability? 33
  - 1. Introduction 33
  - 2. What Is Meant by Traceability in the Food Industry 33
  - 3. The Need to Incorporate New Technologies in Traceability Systems 34
  - 4. Regulations and Legislation on Food Traceability 35
  - 5. Effective Use of Food Traceability 36

Front Cover 2
Advances in Food Traceability Techniques and Technologies 3
Related titles 4
Advances in Food Traceability Techniques and Technologies: Improving Quality Throughout the Food Chain 5
Copyright 6
Contents 7
List of Contributors 13
Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition 17
One - Introduction to Food Traceability 31
- 1 - What Is Food Traceability? 33
  - 1. Introduction 33
  - 2. What Is Meant by Traceability in the Food Industry 33
  - 3. The Need to Incorporate New Technologies in Traceability Systems 34
  - 4. Regulations and Legislation on Food Traceability 35
  - 5. Effective Use of Food Traceability 36
  - 6. Future Trends 37
  - References 37
- 2 - Defining and Analyzing Traceability Systems in Food Supply Chains 39
  - 1. Introduction 39
  - 2. Traceability in Food Supply Chains 40
    - 2.1 Food Supply Chains 40
    - 2.2 What Is Traceability? 41
    - 2.3 Traceability in Food Supply Chains 42
    - 2.4 Why Traceability in Food Supply Chains 43
    - 2.5 Enabling Technologies 44
    - 2.6 Standards 45
  - 3. Food Supply Chain Mapping 47
  - 4. Food Traceability System Architectures 51
    - 4.1 One-Step-Forward and One-Step-Back Approach 51
    - 4.2 Event-Oriented Approach 52
  - 5. Case Studies 53
    - 5.1 fTRACE 53
    - 5.2 FIspace’s MIP Trial EPCIS-Based Transparency System 55
  - 6. Discussion and Conclusion 59
  - Acknowledgments 60
  - References 61
- 3 - Problems and Implementation Hurdles in Food Traceability 65
  - 1. Introduction 65
  - 2. Principles of Traceability 66
    - 2.1 Which Units to Trace? 66
    - 2.2 Which Information Is Relevant to Trace? 66
    - 2.3 How to Prevent Information Loss? 67
    - 2.4 Internal and Chain Traceability 68
  - 3. Chain Traceability 69
    - 3.1 Granularity Levels of Traceability 69
  - 4. Standardization of Information and Information Exchange in Various Links in the Chain 70
    - 4.2 Standards for Food Product Traceability 70
    - 4.1 Why Is Standardization Important? 70
  - 5. Different Drivers of Traceability 71
  - 6. Problems and Implementation Hurdles in Food Traceability 71
  - 7. Future Trends 74
  - References 75
- Two - Development of Methods, Devices, and Sensors for Food Traceability 77
  - 4 - Alphanumerical and Optical Coding Systems for Food Traceability 79
    - 1. The State of the Art in Food Traceability 79
      - 1.1 Technologies Supporting Traceability 79
        
        1.1.1 Unique Material Properties 79
        
        1.1.2 Optical Identifiers 80
        
        1.1.3 Radio Frequency Identification 82
        
        1.1.4 IT Infrastructure for Collection and Sharing 83
      - 1.2 Application Practice 84
    - 2. Perceived Problems and Demands 85
      - 2.1 Industry-Specific Technical Problems 85
      - 2.2 Small-Business Involvement and Demands 87
      - 2.3 Changing Consumer Demands and Attitudes 87
    - 3. Potentials and Pitfalls 87
      - 3.1 Tracking 87
      - 3.2 Consumer Involvement 89
    - 4. Current Trends 90
    - 5. Conclusion 91
    - References 91
  - 5 - Radio-Frequency Identification Usage in Food Traceability 97
    - 1. Introduction 97
    - 2. Technology and Equipment for Radio-Frequency Identification 98
    - 3. Advantages of Radio-Frequency Identification in Food Traceability 102
      - 3.1 Process Control 102
      - 3.2 Warehouse and Logistics 103
      - 3.3 Retail 104
      - 3.4 Cold-Chain Monitoring 104
      - 3.5 Smart Packaging 105
      - 3.6 Anticounterfeit 106
    - 4. Constraints of Radio-Frequency Usage in Food Traceability 107
      - 4.1 Effect of Food Composition and Packaging on RFID Reading Performance 107
      - 4.2 Traceable Unit Size 108
      - 4.3 Food Item Inventory in Static and Dynamic Conditions 109
      - 4.4 Recycling Issues 110
    - 5. Examples and Applications of RFID in Food Supply Chains 110
      - 5.1 Livestock and Meat Supply Chain 110
      - 5.2 Fish 112
      - 5.3 Cheese and Dairy Products 112
      - 5.4 Fruit and Vegetables 114
      - 5.5 Potted Plants and Nursery 114
    - 6. Future Trends 114
    - References 116
  - 6 - The Use of Molecular Biology Techniques in Food Traceability 121
    - 1. A Brief Introduction to Molecular Biology Techniques 121
    - 2. Fish and Seafood Applications 124
    - 3. Meat Applications 126
    - 4. Milk Products 130
    - 5. Cereals 131
    - 6. Fruit and Vegetable Foodstuffs 132
    - 7. Wine 133
    - 8. Oils 134
    - 9. Conclusions and Perspectives 135
    - References 136
  - 7 - Near Infrared Spectroscopy and Food Authenticity 149
    - 1. Introduction 149
    - 2. Traceability and Authenticity 149
    - 3. The Tools (Hardware and Software) 150
      - 3.1 Near Infrared Spectroscopy 150
      - 3.2 Multivariate Data Methods 152
    - 4. Examples and Applications 154
      - 4.1 Fish and Fish By-Products 154
        
        4.1.2 Fresh Versus Frozen 154
        
        4.1.1 Geographical Origin 154
        
        4.1.3 Authentication 155
      - 4.2 Meat and Meat By-Products 156
        
        4.2.3 Adulteration 156
        
        4.2.1 Raw Versus Processed Meats 156
        
        4.2.2 Fresh Versus Frozen 156
      - 4.3 Meals and Feeds 157
        
        4.3.1 Identification of Animal Species 157
      - 4.4 Wine 158
        
        4.4.1 Identification of Grape Variety 158
        
        4.4.2 Denomination, Designation, and Geographical Origin 159
      - 4.5 Honey 160
        
        4.5.2 Adulteration With Sugars 160
        
        4.5.1 Floral Origin 160
        
        4.5.3 Geographical Origin 161
        
        4.5.4 Brand Identification 161
      - 5. Concluding Remarks 161
      - References 162
    - 8 - The Use of ICP-MS in Food Traceability 167
      - 1. A Brief Introduction to ICP-MS Technique 167
      - 2. Classification Studies on Food 168
      - 3. Where Do Elements Come From? 170
        
        3.1 The Influence of the Production Chain 173
      - 4. The Most Important Food Production Chains: Description and Case Studies 174
        
        4.1 Fruit and Vegetable Foodstuffs 174
        
        4.1.1 Fresh Fruits and Vegetables 174
        
        4.1.2 Derivative Products 175
        
        4.2 Cereals 177
        
        4.3 Animal Products 178
        
        4.4 Wine and Alcoholic Drinks 179
        
        4.5 Milk Products 182
        
        4.6 Meats and Fishes 183
        
        4.7 Other Foodstuffs 184
      - Acknowledgments 186
      - References 186
      - 5. Conclusions 186
    - 9 - Future Technology in Tracing Animals on the Food Chain 195
      - 1. General Introduction 195
        
        1.1 Individual Identification of Animals 196
        
        1.1.1 Alternative Electronic ID Technologies 197
        
        1.2 Information Management 200
        
        1.3 Open Issues 201
      - 2. Advances in Animal Tracing 203
        
        2.1 Advances in Technology 203
      - 3. Alternative and Future Technologies 206
      - 4. Conclusions 217
      - References 217
    - 10 - Traceability Software for the Food Industry 221
      - 1. Introduction 221
      - 2. Traceability Software for the Consumer 222
        
        2.1 Product Identification 224
        
        2.2 Product History Record 226
      - 3. Traceability Software for Suppliers 227
        
        3.1 Product Tracking and Monitoring 229
        
        3.2 Product Traceability 230
        
        3.3 Supply Chain Management System 233
      - 4. Future Trends 235
      - References 235
    - Three - Legal Requirements and Regulation in Food Traceability 237
      - 11 - Real-Time Tracking and Remote Monitoring in Food Traceability 239
        
        1. Introduction 239
        
        2. How Can We Track and Monitor in Real Time? 240
        
        2.1 Wireless Sensing Technologies 240
        
        2.2 Remote Communications 241
        
        2.3 Internet of Things 242
        
        2.4 Intelligent Traceability 243
        
        2.5 New Advancements 244
        
        2.5.1 Near Field Communication 245
        
        2.5.2 Temperature Estimation 245
        
        2.5.2.1 Capacitor 245
        
        2.5.2.2 Kriging 246
        
        2.5.2.3 Artificial Neural Network 246
        
        3. Applications 246
        
        3.1 Cold Chain 246
        
        3.2 Food Processing 247
        
        4. Limitations and Challenges 248
        
        5. Conclusions and Future Trends 250
        
        References 251
        
        12 - Legal Requirements for Food Traceability in the European Union 255
        
        1. Introduction 255
        
        2. Background 256
        
        2.1 The European Union Law 256
        
        2.1.1 Difference Between Directives and Regulations 256
        
        2.1.2 Principles of Law 256
        
        2.2 The Concept of Traceability 256
        
        2.2.1 What Is Traceability? 256
        
        2.2.2 Traceability and Data Validation and Verification 257
        
        2.2.3 Traceability and Certification 257
        
        2.2.4 Traceability and Transparency 258
        
        3. The EU Food Legislation 258
        
        4. Traceability in the EU Food Legislation 259
        
        4.1 The General Food Law (GFL) 259
        
        4.2 Other Legislation 261
        
        5. Consistency of the EU Body of Law Related to Traceability and Future Trends 262
        
        6. Conclusions 262
        
        References 263
        
        Acknowledgments 263
        
        13 - Legal Requirements and Regulation for Food Traceability in the United States 267
        
        1. Introduction 267
        
        1.1 Definitions 267
        
        1.2 Background 269
        
        2. Current Legislation for Food Traceability in the United States 271
        
        2.1 General US Federal Structure Governing Food Traceability 271
        
        2.2 Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002 272
        
        2.2.1 Discussion of the Bioterrorism Act 273
        
        2.3 Food Safety Modernization Act of 2011 (FSMA) 274
        
        2.3.1 Enhanced Tracking and Tracing of Food and Record Keeping 276
        
        2.3.1.1 General Language of Section 204 of the FSMA on Traceability 276
        
        2.3.1.2 Pilot Project to Evaluate the Current Tracing System Project 277
        
        2.3.2 The Preventive Controls Rule 279
        
        2.3.3 Inspection of Records: Requirements and Establishment, Maintenance, and Availability of Records 280
        
        2.3.4 Sanitary Transportation 281
        
        3. Pending Rules and Guidance 282
        
        3.1 Identifying High-Risk Foods 282
        
        3.2 Registration of Food Facilities 283
        
        4. Future Trends and Business Governance in Traceability 284
        
        4.2 The IFT’s Global Food Traceability Center 284
        
        4.1 What to Expect From the US FDA for Traceability 284
        
        4.3 Businesses Interested in Traceability for Their Own Benefits 285
        
        4.5 For Questions or More Information 286
        
        4.4 Industry Initiatives in the United States 286
        
        5. Conclusion 286
        
        References 287
        
        Four - Case Studies in Food Traceability 291
        
        14 - Effective Use of Food Traceability in Product Recall 293
        
        1. Introduction 293
        
        2. Product Recall 294
        
        2.2 Risk Analysis 295
        
        2.1 Cause Analysis 295
        
        2.4 Communication and Documentation 296
        
        2.3 The Recall Itself 296
        
        2.5 Postcrisis Management 297
        
        3. Traceability and Product Recall 298
        
        4. Minimizing the Size of the Recall Through the Traceability System by the Reduction of the Dispersion and Root Cause Analysis 299
        
        5. The Need of Internal Traceability in Addition to External Traceability 300
        
        7. Conclusion and Perspectives 301
        
        References 301
        
        6. Use of Batch Traceability and Unitary Traceability in Recall Procedure 301
        
        15 - Analytical Approaches for the Evaluation of Food Protected Designation of Origin 305
        
        1. Social and Law Frame of Protected Designation of Origin Labels 305
        
        2. Analytical Methods for Food Protected Designation Authentication 308
        
        2.1 Trace Element Composition and Stable-Isotope Ratio for Discrimination of Food With Protected Designation of Origin 308
        
        2.2 Organic Compound Analysis for Discrimination of Foods With Protected Designation of Origin 311
        
        2.3 Genetic Techniques for Discrimination of Foods With Protected Designation of Origin 313
        
        3. Multivariate Statistics Applied to the Identification of Food Origin 313
        
        4. Main Applications 315
        
        4.1 Wine, Spirits, and Other Beverages 315
        
        4.2 Olive Oil 319
        
        4.3 Cheese 320
        
        4.4 Fish and Seafood Products 322
        
        4.5 Other Foods 323
        
        5. Conclusions and Future Trends 324
        
        References 325
        
        16 - Effective Use of Food Traceability in Cereal Grain Food Supply Chains 333
        
        1. Introduction 333
        
        2. Effective Use in Cereal Grain Traceability 334
        
        2.1 Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS) 334
        
        2.2 Infrared Spectroscopy 338
        
        2.3 Multielement Analysis 341
        
        2.4 The Other Techniques 345
        
        3. Conclusions and Future Prospects 346
        
        References 347
        
        17 - Effective Use of Food Traceability in Meat Supply Chains 351
        
        1. Introduction 351
        
        2. Perspectives on Traceability 352
        
        2.1 Defining Traceability: Tracking Versus Tracing 352
        
        2.2 Breadth, Depth, and Precision 353
        
        2.3 Roles of Meat and Livestock Traceability Systems 355
        
        3. Public and Private Sector Approaches to Meat Traceability 358
        
        3.1 Public Sector Traceability Initiatives 358
        
        3.2 Industry-Wide Traceability Initiatives 359
        
        3.3 Individual Supply Chain Traceability Initiatives 360
        
        4. Consumer Demand for Meat Traceability 361
        
        5. Conclusions 362
        
        References 363
        
        18 - A Closed-Loop Traceability System to Improve Logistics Decisions in Food Supply Chains: A Case Study on Dairy Products 367
        
        1. Introduction 367
        
        2. Closed-Loop Traceability System: Methodology 372
        
        2.1 The Characteristics of Cheese Supply Chains 373
        
        2.2 The Production Company 373
        
        2.3 The Tracking Methodology 373
        
        3. Data Collection and Analysis 374
        
        4. Conclusions and Further Research 380
        
        References 380
        
        19 - Effective Use of Food Traceability in Animal Feed 383
        
        1. Authentication and Traceability as a Key Factor for Feed Safety and Quality 383
        
        2. Determination of Animal Species in Feed 384
        
        3. Botanical Origin and Geographical Origin of Plant Raw Materials 385
        
        4. Traceability of Genetically Modified Plants and Ingredients 387
        
        5. Mycotoxins and Biological Contaminants in Animal Feed 389
        
        6. Conclusions and Perspectives 390

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Improving Quality Throughout the Food Chain

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