Academic Press Library in Mobile and Wireless Communications

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This book, edited and authored by world leading experts, gives a review of the principles, methods and techniques of important and emerging research topics and technologies in wireless communications and transmission techniques.

The reader will:

Quickly grasp a new area of research
Understand the underlying principles of a topic and its application
Ascertain how a topic relates to other areas and learn of the research issues yet to be resolved

Reviews important and emerging topics of research in wireless technology in a quick tutorial format
Presents core principles in wireless transmission theory
Provides reference content on core principles, technologies, algorithms, and applications
Includes comprehensive references to journal articles and other literature on which to build further, more specific and detailed knowledge

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Front Cover 2
Academic Press Library in Mobile and Wireless Communications: Transmission Techniques for Digital Communications 5
Copyright 6
Dedication 7
Contents 9
Contributors 21
Introduction 23
Chapter 1: Introduction to digital transmission 25
- 1.1 Why Digital? 26
- 1.2 Historical Perspective on Digital Transmission 27
  - 1.2.1 The Sampling Theorem: Transitioning Media from Analog to Digital 28
  - 1.2.2 Pulse Code Modulation 30
  - 1.2.3 Digital Transmission Hierarchy and SONET 31
- 1.3 Microwave, Optical, and Satellite Transmission Systems 35
  - 1.3.1 Optical Transmission in the Backbone Network 36

Front Cover 2
Academic Press Library in Mobile and Wireless Communications: Transmission Techniques for Digital Communications 5
Copyright 6
Dedication 7
Contents 9
Contributors 21
Introduction 23
Chapter 1: Introduction to digital transmission 25
- 1.1 Why Digital? 26
- 1.2 Historical Perspective on Digital Transmission 27
  - 1.2.1 The Sampling Theorem: Transitioning Media from Analog to Digital 28
  - 1.2.2 Pulse Code Modulation 30
  - 1.2.3 Digital Transmission Hierarchy and SONET 31
- 1.3 Microwave, Optical, and Satellite Transmission Systems 35
  - 1.3.1 Optical Transmission in the Backbone Network 36
  - 1.3.2 Communication Satellites for Backbone Transmission and Broadcasting 38
- 1.4 Evolutionary Steps in Digital Access Networkings 40
  - 1.4.1 Voice Channel Modems 41
  - 1.4.2 ISDN and DSL 45
  - 1.4.3 Cable Data Networks 48
  - 1.4.4 Passive Optical Network 50
- 1.5 Origins of Data Communication Networks and Voice-Data Integration 52
  - 1.5.1 Packet Transmission 52
  - 1.5.2 ATM and B-ISDN 55
  - 1.5.3 Contention Systems: AlohaNet and Ethernet 57
- 1.6 Wireless Transmission Systems 59
  - 1.6.1 Cellular Mobile: 1G to 4G 60
  - 1.6.2 5G Cellular Mobile 64
  - 1.6.3 Wireless Transmission in the Cloud 66
  - 1.6.4 IEEE 802.11 Wireless LANs and Some Alternatives 67
- 1.7 All the Rest 69
- References 70
Chapter 2: Modulated signals & I/Q representations of bandpass signals 73
- 2.1 Introduction 73
- 2.2 Bandpass Signal Representation 75
  - 2.2.1 Energy/Power Calculations 78
  - 2.2.2 Analytic Signal 81
- 2.3 Bandpass Linear Systems 83
- 2.4 Bandpass Random Processes 86
  - 2.4.1 Preliminaries 86
  - 2.4.2 Bandpass Gaussian Processes 87
- 2.5 Application to Bandpass Nonlinearity 88
- 2.6 Sampling of Bandpass Signals 90
  - 2.6.1 More on Demodulation 93
- References 95
Chapter 3: Single-carrier modulation 97
- 3.1 Preliminaries 98
- 3.2 Linear, Memoryless Modulation 99
  - 3.2.1 Background 99
  - 3.2.2 Mathematical Description 105
  - 3.2.3 Modulation 107
  - 3.2.4 Power Spectral Density 108
  - 3.2.5 Pulse Shape Examples 109
  - 3.2.6 Examples 113
    - Pulse amplitude modulation 113
    - Rectangular QAM 114
    - M-ary phase shift keying 114
    - Amplitude-phase shift keying 115
    - Minimum probability of error constellations 116
  - 3.2.7 Concluding Remarks for Linear Modulation 118
- 3.3 Nonlinear Modulation: CPM 119
  - 3.3.1 Background 119
  - 3.3.2 Mathematical Description 122
  - 3.3.3 Modulation 126
  - 3.3.4 Power Spectral Density 128
  - 3.3.5 CPFSK, MSK, and GMSK 132
  - 3.3.6 Concluding Remarks for Nonlinear Modulation 136
- 3.4 Comparisons 137
- References 141
Chapter 4: Optimal detection of digital modulations in AWGN 145
- 4.1 Digital Transmission Over Noisy Channels 146
- 4.2 Minimum-Distance Receiver 149
- 4.3 Vector Channel 151
- 4.4 White Gaussian Noise Vector 158
- 4.5 Optimum Message Receivers 160
  - 4.5.1 MAP Receiver 160
  - 4.5.2 ML Receiver 164
- 4.6 The Irrelevance Theorem 165
- 4.7 Decision Regions and Error Probability 168
  - 4.7.1 Decisions Regions for a General Detector 168
  - 4.7.2 Decision Regions for the Minimum-Distance Detector 170
  - 4.7.3 Decision Regions for the MAP Detector 172
- 4.8 Union Bound 173
- 4.9 Bit Error Probability and Constellation Labelings 180
- 4.10 Optimum Bitwise Receivers 184
- 4.11 Matched Filter 187
- 4.12 Summary 190
- 4.13 Practical Detectors 191
- 4.14 Probability of Received Vector Belonging to a Decision Boundary 192
- References 193
Chapter 5: The interplay between modulation and channel coding 195
- 5.1 Introduction 195
- 5.2 Coded Modulation 199
- 5.3 Reception of Coded Binary Modulation 201
  - 5.3.1 Soft Demapping 202
  - 5.3.2 Channel Decoding 203
  - 5.3.3 Example: Decoding of a Hamming Code 204
- 5.4 Reception of Coded Nonbinary Modulation 206
  - 5.4.1 BICM Reception 206
  - 5.4.2 BICM-ID Reception 208
  - 5.4.3 Example: BICM Versus BICM-ID 211
  - 5.4.4 Example: LTE Turbo Codes 213
- References 214
Chapter 6: Properties and measures of the radio channel 217
- 6.1 Introduction 217
- 6.2 Antenna and Propagation Fundamentals 218
  - 6.2.1 Antenna Gain 218
  - 6.2.2 Path Gain/Loss 220
  - 6.2.3 Fresnel Zones and the Local Properties of Radiation 220
- 6.3 Models of Multipath Propagation 221
  - 6.3.1 Channel Response for Isotropic Antennas 223
  - 6.3.2 Channel Response With Directive Antennas 226
- 6.4 Measures of Narrowband Multipath Characteristics 228
  - 6.4.1 Spatial Fading of Multipath Narrowband Signals 228
  - 6.4.2 Frequency Fading of Multipath Narrowband Signals 230
  - 6.4.3 Correlation of Narrowband Spatial Fading 232
  - 6.4.4 Time Dependence and Doppler Spread of Narrow Band Signals 235
- 6.5 Measures of Multipath for Wideband Signals and Directive Antennas 237
  - 6.5.1 Spatial Variation of Pulse Response 238
  - 6.5.2 Delay Spread for Wideband Channel Response 239
  - 6.5.3 Coherence Bandwidth 241
  - 6.5.4 Angle Spread for Highly Directive Antennas 241
- 6.6 Shadow Fading, Range Dependence, and Cross-Polarization 243
  - 6.6.1 Separating Shadow Fading From Range Dependence 244
  - 6.6.2 Cross-Polarization Coupling 246
- References 247
Chapter 7: Synchronization of digital signals 251
- 7.1 Introduction 251
- 7.2 System Model 254
- 7.3 Effect of Channel Estimation Errors 257
  - 7.3.1 Perfect Estimation of τ 258
  - 7.3.2 Perfect Estimation of (A,θ,F) 263
- 7.4 Results from Estimation and Decision Theory 264
  - 7.4.1 MAP Detection 266
  - 7.4.2 MAP Estimation 267
  - 7.4.3 The Expectation-Maximization Algorithm 268
  - 7.4.4 Bounds on Estimation Performance 270
- 7.5 Estimation Strategy 271
- 7.6 NDA Coarse Frequency Estimation 274
- 7.7 NDA Symbol Timing Estimation 276
- 7.8 PA ML Estimation of (A,θ,Fres,kτ) 278
- 7.9 CA ML Estimation of (A,θ,Fres,kτ) 283
- 7.10 Evaluation of Modified Cramer-Rao Bounds 287
- 7.11 Performance Evaluation 288
  - 7.11.1 Simulation Setup 288
  - 7.11.3 PA Estimation 290
  - 7.11.2 NDA Frequency and Symbol Timing Estimation 290
  - 7.11.4 CA Estimation 292
- 7.12 Conclusions and Remarks 299
- Appendix A: Averaged Likelihood Functions 300
- Appendix B: MFIM Computation 302
- References 303
Chapter 8: Equalization 307
- 8.2 Models and Metrics 308
  - 8.2.1 Discrete-Time Intersymbol Interference Model 309
  - 8.2.2 Arithmetic, Harmonic, and Geometric Means 311
  - 8.2.3 Shannon Capacity 312
  - 8.2.4 SNR Benchmarks: The MF Bound and Shannon SNR 313
- 8.1 Motivation 308
- 8.3 Optimum Trellis-Based Detectors 315
  - 8.3.1 The Trellis Diagram 315
  - 8.3.2 MAP or ML Sequence Detection: The Viterbi Algorithm 319
  - 8.3.3 APP Detection: The BCJR Algorithm 325
- 8.4 Linear Equalization 329
  - 8.4.1 The Matched Filter 330
  - 8.4.2 ZF Linear Equalization 331
  - 8.4.3 MMSE Linear Equalization 332
- 8.5 Decision-Feedback Equalization 335
  - 8.5.1 The ZF DFE 336
  - 8.5.2 Error Propagation 338
  - 8.5.3 The Minimum-MSE DFE 340
  - 8.5.4 DFE via Noise Prediction 342
- 8.6 Tomlinson-Harashima Precoding 343
- 8.7 Comparing Performance: A Case Study 346
  - 8.7.1 ZF Linear Equalizer 349
  - 8.7.2 MMSE Linear Equalizer 349
  - 8.7.3 ZF DFE 350
  - 8.7.5 ZF Tomlinson-Harashima Precoding 351
  - 8.7.4 MMSE DFE 351
  - 8.7.6 MMSE THP 352
  - 8.7.8 BCJR Algorithm 353
  - 8.7.7 Viterbi Algorithm 353
- Summary 354
- References 355
Chapter 9: Multicarrier transmission in a frequency-selective channel 357
- 9.1 Introduction 357
- 9.2 Early OFDM 358
  - 9.2.1 Frequency Shift Keying 358
    - 9.2.1.1 Modulation 359
    - 9.2.1.2 Orthogonal signals 360
    - 9.2.1.3 FSK and frequency-selective channels 363
    - 9.2.1.4 Data rate 363
  - 9.2.2 Analog OFDM 364
- 9.3 Digital OFDM 366
  - 9.3.1 The FFT and the Cyclic Prefix 366
    - 9.3.1.1 The discrete Fourier transform 367
    - 9.3.1.2 Modulation of OFDM with the IDFT and the cyclic prefix 367
    - 9.3.1.3 Data rate and the cyclic prefix 369
    - 9.3.1.4 Demodulation of OFDM 370
  - 9.3.2 Zero-Padding: An Alternative to the Cyclic Prefix 371
    - 9.3.2.1 Windowing and frequency characteristics 372
    - 9.3.2.2 Extra windowing and the preservation of orthogonality 373
  - 9.4 Diversity and Frequency Modulation 376
    - 9.4.1 Probability of Error for Uncoded OFDM 376
  - 9.5 OFDM: Power-Loading and Bit-Loading 379
  - 9.6 OFDM: Diversity and Coding 381
    - 9.6.1 OFDM and Coding 381
    - 9.6.2 Outage Capacity and OFDM 385
  - 9.7 Conclusions 387
  - Appendix: Correlated Diversity Signals 388
  - References 390
- Chapter 10: Spread spectrum signaling in wireless communications 393
  - 10.1 Fundamentals of Spread Spectrum Communications 393
    - 10.1.1 Motivation 393
    - 10.1.2 Low Probability of Intercept/Anti-Jam Capabilities 394
    - 10.1.3 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum 396
    - 10.1.4 FH Spread Spectrum 399
    - 10.1.5 Code Division Multiple Access 400
    - 10.1.6 Code Sequences 405
  - 10.2 Spread Spectrum and CDMA for Wireless Channels 410
    - 10.2.1 DS-SS in a Wireless Channel: RAKE Receivers 410
    - 10.2.2 Multicarrier CDMA 415
    - 10.2.3 Cellular CDMA 416
  - 10.3 CDMA Standards 417
    - 10.3.1 2G Cellular CDMA: IS-95 417
    - 10.3.2 3G Cellular CDMA 419
      - 10.3.2.1 CDMA 2000 419
      - 10.3.2.2 WCDMA 420
    - References 420
  - Chapter 11: MIMO communication for wireless networks 423
    - 11.1 Introduction 423
    - 11.2 The Single-User MIMO Link 425
      - 11.2.1 Spatial Modes and Spatial Multiplexing 426
      - 11.2.2 Full Channel Knowledge at Both the Transmitterand the Receiver 428
        
        11.2.2.1 Waterfilling algorithm 428
      - 11.2.3 Full Channel Knowledge Only at the Receiver 429
      - 11.2.4 Transceiver Techniques 430
        
        11.2.4.1 V-BLAST 431
        
        11.2.4.2 Receiver options 433
        
        11.2.4.3 Space-time block codes 437
        
        11.2.4.4 An example for M=2: the Alamouti space-time code 439
      - 11.2.5 Precoding Techniques 440
        
        11.2.5.1 MSE-based criteria 441
      - 11.3 Limited Feedback Techniques 442
        
        Antenna power adjustment 443
        
        Subspace-based precoding 443
        
        Antenna subset selection 443
        
        Covariance quantization 443
        
        Rank-1 precoding 444
        
        11.3.1 MIMO Multiple Access Channel (MAC) 444
        
        11.3.2 MIMO Broadcast Channel (BC) 446
        
        11.3.3 Multiple MIMO Base Stations 448
        
        11.3.3.1 MIMO interference channel 448
        
        11.4 Standards 449
        
        11.4.1 LTE/LTE-Advanced 449
        
        11.4.1.1 LTE 450
        
        11.4.1.2 LTE-advanced (LTE-A) 451
        
        11.4.2 802.11n/802.11ac 453
        
        11.5 Future Trends 454
        
        Acknowledgments 455
        
        References 455
      - Chapter 12: Multiple access control in wireless networks 459
        
        12.1 Why Multiple Access Control? 459
        
        12.1.1 Motivation 459
        
        12.1.2 Organization of This Chapter 461
        
        12.2 A Brief History 461
        
        12.2.1 Centralized Cellular Networks 461
        
        12.2.2 Decentralized WLAN Networks 463
        
        12.3 Channels in Time, Frequency, and Space 464
        
        12.3.1 Orthogonal Channels 464
        
        12.3.1.1 Orthogonality in frequency 465
        
        12.3.1.3 Orthogonality in space 466
        
        12.3.1.2 Orthogonality in time 466
        
        12.3.3 Example: Duplexing 467
        
        12.3.3.1 Frequency division duplexing (FDD) 467
        
        12.3.3.3 Space division duplexing (SDD) 468
        
        12.3.3.2 Time division duplexing (TDD) 468
        
        12.3.2 Nonorthogonal Channels 467
        
        12.4 Centralized MAC in Cellular Networks 468
        
        12.4.1 Channelization 469
        
        12.4.1.1 Frequency division multiple access (FDMA) 469
        
        12.4.1.2 Time division multiple access (TDMA) 469
        
        12.4.1.3 Space division multiple access (SDMA) 470
        
        12.4.1.5 Orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) 470
        
        Implementation considerations 471
        
        12.4.1.4 Code division multiple access (CDMA) 470
        
        Implementation considerations 470
        
        12.4.1.6 Single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) 471
        
        12.4.2 Channel and Traffic Models 471
        
        12.4.2.1 Uplink/downlink channel models 471
        
        12.4.2.2 Mobile user and traffic models 473
        
        12.4.3 Scheduling and Resource Allocation 473
        
        12.4.3.1 Waterfilling and channel inversion paradigms in power allocation 474
        
        12.4.3.2 Opportunistic multiuser rate allocation over fading channels 476
        
        12.4.3.3 Energy minimizing uplink power allocation for targeted rates 477
        
        12.4.3.4 Birth of the cross-layer resource allocation framework 479
        
        12.5 Decentralized MAC in Wireless Networks 480
        
        12.5.1 Channelization 480
        
        12.5.2 Channel and Traffic Models 481
        
        12.5.2.3 Exposed nodes 481
        
        12.5.2.1 SINR and collision-based interference models 481
        
        12.5.2.4 Mobile user and traffic models 481
        
        12.5.2.2 Hidden nodes 481
        
        12.5.3 Scheduling and Resource Allocation 482
        
        12.5.3.1 Aloha-variant strategies 482

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