Biosensors for Sustainable Food - New Opportunities and Technical Challenges - eContenta

Opis

Biosensors for Sustainable Food - New Opportunities and Technical Challenges addresses the challenges associated with sustaining the globally increasing demand for food that has been forecast for the next centuries and the immediate need for the food production system to adopt sustainable practices to protect the environment and human health. It provides a comprehensive overview of established, cutting-edge, and future trends in biosensor technology and its application in the agrifood sector. In particular, different biosensing advances are covered, outlining the newest research efforts in the cross-disciplines of chemistry, biology, and materials science with biosensing research, in order to develop novel detection principles, sensing mechanisms, and device engineering methods.

Food production and consumption have a strong impact on the environment in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, water, and soil contamination, the reduction of arable land, water consumption, and many other factors, which in turn, negatively affect human health. These issues have consequences for economic development, too.

To address these challenges, it is necessary for scientists with different expertise, policymakers, and economists work together to develop new smart technologies and introduce them to the market, along with adequate regulations. In this regard, a sustainable food production system can be thought of as a chain of procedures with a low impact on the environment that guarantees a secured supply of healthier and fortified food while supporting economic growth.

Presents an interdisciplinary approach to biosensor technology
Profiles recent advances in synthetic biology, new material design (biohybrids), nanotechnology, micro/nanofluidics, and information technology
Aims to facilitate the transfer of agrifood biosensor technology from the laboratory to the market

Spis treści

Front Cover 2
Biosensors for Sustainable Food - New Opportunities and Technical Challenges 3
Advisory Board 4
Biosensors for Sustainable Food - New Opportunities and Technical Challenges 5
Copyright 6
Contents 7
Contributors to Volume 74 15
Series Editor's Preface 17
Preface 19
I - Biosensors for Food Safety, Quality and Security 23
- 1 - Biosensor Potential in Pesticide Monitoring 25
  - 1. INTRODUCTION 25
    - 1.1 Pesticides: Properties, Persistence and Regulation 27
      - 1.1.2 Insecticides 28
      - 1.1.1 Herbicides 28

Front Cover 2
Biosensors for Sustainable Food - New Opportunities and Technical Challenges 3
Advisory Board 4
Biosensors for Sustainable Food - New Opportunities and Technical Challenges 5
Copyright 6
Contents 7
Contributors to Volume 74 15
Series Editor's Preface 17
Preface 19
I - Biosensors for Food Safety, Quality and Security 23
- 1 - Biosensor Potential in Pesticide Monitoring 25
  - 1. INTRODUCTION 25
    - 1.1 Pesticides: Properties, Persistence and Regulation 27
      - 1.1.2 Insecticides 28
      - 1.1.1 Herbicides 28
      - 1.1.3 Fungicides 30
    - 2. FOODS: SAMPLING AND PRETREATMENT 31
    - 3. SENSING OF PESTICIDES FOR FOOD SAFETY 32
      - 3.1 Enzyme Biosensors 33
      - 3.2 Immunosensors 39
      - 3.3 Aptasensors 43
      - 3.4 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers 45
    - 4. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 48
    - REFERENCES 49
  - 2 - Trends on Biosensing Systems for Heavy Metal Detection 55
    - 1. INTRODUCTION 55
    - 3. RELEASE OF HEAVY METALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT AND EXPOSURE TO HUMANS 56
    - 2. INDUSTRIAL USES OF HEAVY METALS 56
    - 4. TOXICITY MECHANISMS AND HARMFUL EFFECTS OF HEAVY METALS TO LIVING BEINGS 57
    - 5. HEAVY METAL ION DETECTION BY CONVENTIONAL METHODS 58
    - 6. WHY BIOSENSOR IS CONSIDERED AS A PROMISING TOOL TO DETECT HEAVY METAL IONS OVER CONVENTIONAL METHODS 60
    - 7. DIFFERENT STRATEGIES FOR BROAD RANGE AND SPECIFIC HEAVY METAL ION BIOSENSORS 61
      - 7.1 Enzymatic Biosensors 64
        
        7.1.1 Apoenzyme-Based Biosensors 64
        
        7.1.2 Holoenzyme-Based Biosensors 65
      - 7.2 Nonenzymatic Biosensors 70
        
        7.2.1 Metal-Binding Proteins 70
        
        7.2.2 Antibodies-Based Biosensors 73
      - 7.3 Whole Cell–Based Biosensors 74
        
        7.3.1 Recombinant Biosensors 79
      - 7.4 DNA-Based Biosensors 80
      - 7.5 Aptamer-Based Biosensor 84
    - 8. CONCLUSION AND SCOPE 89
    - 9. FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 90
    - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 90
    - REFERENCES 90
  - 3 - Sensing of Biological Contaminants: Pathogens and Toxins 95
    - 1. INTRODUCTION 95
      - 1.1 Prevalence of Pathogen Contamination 95
      - 1.2 Current Methods for Their Detection in Food Industry 96
      - 1.3 Difficulties of Pathogen Detection in Food Samples 97
    - 2. COMMON BIOSENSORS AND BIORECEPTORS 98
      - 2.1 Mass-Based Biosensors 100
        
        2.1.1 Quartz Crystal Microbalance 100
        
        2.1.2 Cantilevers 102
        
        2.1.3 Summary of Mass-Based Biosensor Sensitivities 102
      - 2.2 Optical Biosensors 103
        
        2.2.1 Surface Plasmon Resonance 103
        
        2.2.2 Improvements Upon SPR 106
      - 2.3 Electrochemical Biosensors 106
        
        2.3.1 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy 106
        
        2.3.2 Potentiometric Biosensors 108
      - 2.4 Field-Effect Transistor/Chemiresistor Biosensors 108
    - REFERENCES 111
    - 3. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 111
    - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 111
  - 4 - Biosensor-Based Technologies for the Detection of Pathogens and Toxins 115
    - 1. INTRODUCTION 116
    - 2. BIOSENSORS 117
      - 2.2 Immobilization of Biorecognition Elements in Sensors 118
      - 2.1 Biological Recognition Element 118
      - 2.3 Transduction Systems 119
        
        2.3.2 Amperometric Transduction 119
        
        2.3.2.1 Potentiometric Transduction 120
        
        2.3.2.2 Conductometric Transduction 121
        
        2.3.2.3 Impedimetric Transduction 121
        
        2.3.1 Electrochemical Biosensors 119
        
        2.3.3 Optical Biosensors 121
        
        2.3.4 Evanescent Optical-Planar Waveguide Biosensors 122
        
        2.3.5 Surface Plasmon Resonance 122
      - 3. BIOSENSOR-BASED DETECTION METHODS FOR FOOD CONTAMINANT TOXINS 123
      - 4. BIOSENSOR-BASED DETECTION METHODS FOR MARINE TOXINS 128
      - 5. BIOSENSOR-BASED DETECTION METHODS FOR MICROORGANISMS AND PATHOGENS 128
      - 6. CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH BIOSENSORS 134
      - 7. FUTURE DIRECTIONS 135
      - REFERENCES 136
      - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 136
    - 5 - Biosensor to Ensure Food Security and Environmental Control 143
      - 1. INTRODUCTION 143
      - 2. BIOSENSORS FOR FOOD ADDITIVES AND QUALITY CONTROL 144
        
        2.1 Taste Sensing 150
      - 3. TOXICITY BIOSENSORS 151
        
        3.1 Cholinesterase-Based Biosensors 151
        
        3.2 Other Enzymatic Sensors 153
        
        3.3 Bioluminescent Microbial Biosensors 154
        
        3.4 Respiratory Activity Inhibition 157
        
        3.5 Microbial Fuel Cells 159
      - 4. GENOTOXICITY BIOSENSORS 159
        
        4.1 DNA Damage of Reactive Oxygen/Nitrogen Species 160
        
        4.2 Electrochemical Detection of the DNA Damage 161
      - 5. CONCLUSION 167
      - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 168
      - REFERENCES 169
    - II - New Generations of Synthetic Receptors and Functional Materials for Food Biosensors 175
      - 6 - Aptamers as Synthetic Receptors for Food Quality and Safety Control 177
        
        1. INTRODUCTION 178
        
        2. SELECTION OF APTAMERS 179
        
        2.1 Improving the Selectivity of the Binding Step 181
        
        2.2 Improving the Conditioning Step 183
        
        2.3 Accelerating the Selection Process 183
        
        2.3.1 Improving the Partitioning Step 183
        
        2.3.2 Restriction of Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplification Steps 185
        
        2.3.3 Miniaturization and Automation 186
        
        2.3.4 Multiplex Selection 187
        
        2.3.5 Improving the Screening of Selected Aptamers 187
        
        3. APTAMER-BASED ASSAYS: DESIGN STRATEGIES 188
        
        3.1 Direct Assays 189
        
        3.1.1 Label-Free Direct Assays 189
        
        3.1.2 Target Structural Switching Assays 192
        
        3.2 Sandwich Assays 196
        
        3.3 Competitive Assays 198
        
        3.4 Improved Sensitivity Exploiting Nucleic Acid Amplification Approaches 199
        
        4. APPLICATIONS IN FOOD ANALYSIS 205
        
        5. CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 207
        
        ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 208
        
        REFERENCES 208
        
        III - New Technologies Improving Biosensor Efficacy 215
        
        7 - Emerging Nanomaterials for Analytical Detection 217
        
        1. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY ROLE IN FOOD ANALYSIS 218
        
        1.1 Opportunities of Using Nanomaterials 219
        
        1.1.1 Gold Nanoparticles 219
        
        1.1.2 Quantum Dots 222
        
        1.1.3 Carbon Nanotubes 222
        
        1.1.4 Graphene and Other Nanomaterials 223
        
        2. BIOSENSING TECHNOLOGIES 224
        
        2.1 Batch Devices 225
        
        2.1.1 Gold Nanoparticle-Based Biosensors 225
        
        2.1.2 Quantum Dot-Based Biosensors 235
        
        2.1.3 Carbon Nanotube-Based Biosensors 239
        
        2.1.4 Graphene and Other Nanomaterials 247
        
        2.2 Lab-on-a-Chip (Microfluidics) 249
        
        2.2.1 Nanoparticle-Based Lab-on-a-Chip 251
        
        2.2.2 Carbon Nanomaterial-Based Lab-on-a-Chip 252
        
        3. CONVENTIONAL ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES 252
        
        3.2 Nanomaterial-Based Optical Techniques 254
        
        3.2.2 Spectroscopy Using Gold Nanoparticles 255
        
        3.2.1 Surface Plasmon Resonance Spectroscopy 255
        
        3.2.3 Spectroscopy Using Quantum Dots 257
        
        3.2.4 Spectroscopy Using Carbon Nanotubes 258
        
        3.2.5 Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy 259
        
        3.1 Nanomaterial-Based Chromatography 254
        
        4. CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES 259
        
        REFERENCES 262
        
        ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 262
        
        8 - Biocompatible Integration of Electronics Into Food Sensors 269
        
        1. INTRODUCTION 269
        
        2. BIOELECTRONICS 270
        
        3. SENSORS AND BIOSENSORS FOR FOOD INDUSTRY 273
        
        4. MATERIALS 275
        
        4.1 Substrates for Bioelectronics 276
        
        4.2 Semiconducting Materials 278
        
        4.3 Dielectric Materials 279
        
        4.4 Field-Effect Transistors for Food Control Applications 281
        
        4.5 Conclusions 289
        
        REFERENCES 290
        
        9 - Food Microfluidics Biosensors 295
        
        1. INTRODUCTION 296
        
        2. MICROFLUIDIC ANALYTICAL SYSTEMS: COMPONENTS AND OPERATIONS 299
        
        2.1 Materials and Microfabrication 299
        
        2.2 Fluid Handling Modalities 302
        
        2.2.2 Electroosmotic Flow 303
        
        2.2.1 Pressure-Driven (or Hydrodynamic) Microfluidic Systems 303
        
        2.2.3 Electrowetting 304
        
        2.2.4 Passive Forces 304
        
        2.3 Sample Preparation 304
        
        2.3.1 Isolation/Cleanup From the Sample Matrix 305
        
        2.3.1.1 Filtration Approaches 305
        
        2.3.1.2 Extraction Approaches 306
        
        2.3.2 Preconcentration: Electrokinetic Approaches 306
        
        2.4 Detection 308
        
        2.4.1 Optical Detection 308
        
        2.4.1.1 Laser-Induced Fluorescence 308
        
        2.4.1.2 Lamp-Based Fluorescence 309
        
        2.4.1.3 Fluorescence Excited by Light-Emitting Diodes 309
        
        2.4.1.4 Absorbance 309
        
        2.4.1.5 Chemiluminescence 310
        
        2.4.1.6 Surface Plasmon Resonance 310
        
        2.4.2 Electrochemical 310
        
        2.4.2.1 Amperometry 310
        
        2.4.2.2 Conductometry 311
        
        2.4.3 Mechanical 312
        
        3. MICROFLUIDIC BIOSENSING FOR FOOD ANALYSIS 312
        
        3.1 Microfluidic Immunosensors in Food Analysis 313
        
        3.1.1 Toxins Detection 314
        
        3.1.2 Foodborne Pathogens Detection 321
        
        3.1.3 Biochemicals Detection 323
        
        3.2 Microfluidic Enzyme Biosensors in Food Analysis 323
        
        3.2.1 Toxin Detection 325
        
        3.2.2 Biochemicals Detection 327
        
        4. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE TRENDS 330
        
        ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 330
        
        REFERENCES 331
        
        IV - Biosensor Trade in Agrifood Sector 335
        
        10 - Commercially Available (Bio)sensors in the Agrifood Sector 337
        
        1. INTRODUCTION 337
        
        2. COMMERCIAL BIOSENSORS IN THE AGRIFOOD SECTOR 345
        
        2.1 Biosensors for Quality and Safety 345
        
        2.2 Biosensors for Process Control 350
        
        2.3 Biosensors for Intelligent Food Packaging 352
        
        2.4 Biosensors for Smart Agriculture 357
        
        3. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 358
        
        REFERENCES 361
        
        V - New Revolutionary Frontiers in Biosensor Technology 363
        
        11 - Laser Scanning Approaches for Crop Monitoring 365
        
        1. INTRODUCTION 365
        
        2. LASER SCANNING BASICS 366
        
        3. APPLICATIONS OF LASER SCANNING FOR CROP MONITORING 370
        
        3.1 Management Enhancements 370
        
        3.3 Field-Level Canopy Measurements 372
        
        3.3.1 Direct Canopy Measurements 372
        
        3.3.2 Indirect Canopy Characterization 373
        
        3.3.3 Leaf Area Index and Crop Density Estimation 375
        
        3.3.4 Nitrogen Content Detection 375
        
        3.2 Single Plant Measurements for Phenotyping 372
        
        3.4 Spatial Variability 376
        
        4. MULTISPECTRAL LASER SCANNING 377
        
        5. DISCUSSION 378
        
        6. CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK 380
        
        REFERENCES 380
        
        12 - Robotic-Based Agriculture for Rural Renaissance: Drones and Biosensors 385
        
        1. INTRODUCTION 386
        
        1.1 Application of Drone Technology in Agriculture 386
        
        1.2 Economic Impact of Drone Technology 388
        
        1.3 Drone Technology for Nonagricultural Key Areas 389
        
        1.3.1 Real-Time Forestry and Vegetation Coverage 389
        
        1.3.2 Coastal Management and Fishing Zone Mapping 390
        
        1.3.3 Global Natural Resources Monitoring Systems 390
        
        1.3.4 Hawk Eye in the Sky for Law and Order Maintenance 390
        
        1.4 Ethical Issues in Using Drone Technology 390
        
        2. APPLICATION OF BIOSENSORS IN AGRICULTURE, HEALTH AND FOOD PRESERVATION 391
        
        2.1 Role of Biosensors in Detecting Food Pathogens 391
        
        2.2 Role of Biosensors in Detecting Pesticide Residues and Contaminants 393
        
        2.3 Biosensors for Detection of Heavy Metal Deposits in Soil and Water Bodies 393
        
        2.4 Product Identity Preservation and Tracking 394
        
        3. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 394
        
        REFERENCES 395
        
        ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 395
        
        13 - Intelligent Food Packaging 399
        
        1. INTRODUCTION 399
        
        2. INTELLIGENT PACKAGING EXAMPLES 400
        
        3. INTELLIGENT PACKAGING INCLUDING SENSOR MECHANISMS 402
        
        4. THE BENEFITS AND LIMITATIONS OF INTELLIGENT PACKAGING TECHNOLOGY 405
        
        5. CONCLUSION 406
        
        REFERENCES 406
        
        14 - (Bio)Sensor Integration With ICT Tools for Supplying Chain Management and Traceability in Agriculture 411
        
        1. NEW CHALLENGES IN AGRICULTURE 412
        
        2. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY TOOLS MEETING THE NEEDS OF AGRICULTURE 414
        
        2.1 Information and Communication Technology Application in Today's Food and Agriculture 414
        
        2.2 Information and Communication Technology and Food Supply Chain Management 415
        
        2.3 Information and Communication Technology and Food Security 417
        
        2.3.1 Supply Chain Traceability 417
        
        3. SENSORS AND WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 417
        
        3.1 Sensors Technology 418
        
        3.1.1 Smart Sensors and Wireless Sensors Network 418
        
        3.1.2 Sensor Network Topologies and Design Considerations 419
        
        3.1.2.1 Sensor Network Elements 420
        
        3.1.2.2 Aggregators, Base Stations and Gateways 421
        
        3.1.2.3 Sensor Network Topologies 422
        
        3.2 Sensor Network Applications 424
        
        3.2.1 Attacks on Sensor Networks 426
        
        3.2.2 Processing Sensor's Data 427
        
        3.2.3 Sensors and the Cloud 427
        
        3.2.4 Data Processing and Visualization 428
        
        3.2.4.3 Big Sensor Data 429
        
        3.2.4.1 Data Mining 429
        
        3.2.4.2 Data Visualization 429
        
        4. SENSORS TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS IN AGRICULTURE 430
        
        4.2 Radio Frequency Identification-Based Solutions 430
        
        4.1 Structured Database Solutions 430
        
        4.3 Fujitsu Cloud-Based System 431
        
        4.4 eData Sharing Solutions 431
        
        5. CHALLENGES FOR THE FUTURE: TRANSITIONING TO THE SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS AND THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY 431
        
        REFERENCES 434
        
        Index 437
        
        A 437
        
        B 438
        
        C 439
        
        D 441
        
        E 442
        
        F 443
        
        H 444
        
        G 444
        
        I 445
        
        K 446
        
        L 446
        
        J 446
        
        M 447
        
        N 448
        
        O 449
        
        P 450
        
        Q 451
        
        R 451
        
        S 452
        
        T 453
        
        X 454

Pokaż więcej

Biosensors for Sustainable Food - New Opportunities and Technical Challenges

Opis

Spis treści

Recenzje (0)