Trust, Complexity and Control

Opis

An increasing reliance on the Internet and mobile communication has deprived us of our usual means of assessing another party’s trustworthiness. This is increasingly forcing us to rely on control. Yet the notion of trust and trustworthiness is essential to the continued development of a technology-enabled society.

Trust, Complexity and Control offers readers a single, consistent explanation of how the sociological concept of ‘trust’ can be applied to a broad spectrum of technology-related areas; convergent communication, automated agents, digital security, semantic web, artificial intelligence, e-commerce, e-government, privacy etc. It presents a model of confidence in which trust and control are driven and limited by complexity in one explanatory framework and demonstrates how that framework can be applied to different research and application areas. Starting with the individual’s assessment of trust, the book shows the reader how application of the framework can clarify misunderstandings and offer solutions to complex problems.

The uniqueness of Trust, Complexity and Control is its interdisciplinary treatment of a variety of diverse areas using a single framework.

Sections featured include:

Trust and distrust in the digital world.
The impact of convergent communication and networks on trust.
Trust, economy and commerce.
Trust-enhancing technologies.

Trust, Complexity and Control is an invaluable source of reference for both researchers and practitioners within the Trust community. It will also be of benefit to students and lecturers in the fields of information technology, social sciences and computer engineering.

Spis treści

Trust, Complexity and Control 4
- Contents 10
- Foreword 18
- Introduction 20
- Part I Confidence: Trust and Control 26
- 1 Setting the Scene 28
  - 1.1 Basic Concepts 28
  - 1.2 Research Overview 29
    - 1.2.1 Social Sciences 29
    - 1.2.2 Technology 31
  - 1.3 Terminology 32
    - 1.3.1 Alice 33
    - 1.3.2 Bob 34
    - 1.3.3 The Relationship 35
  - 1.4 Agents Alice and Bob 36

Trust, Complexity and Control 4
- Contents 10
- Foreword 18
- Introduction 20
- Part I Confidence: Trust and Control 26
- 1 Setting the Scene 28
  - 1.1 Basic Concepts 28
  - 1.2 Research Overview 29
    - 1.2.1 Social Sciences 29
    - 1.2.2 Technology 31
  - 1.3 Terminology 32
    - 1.3.1 Alice 33
    - 1.3.2 Bob 34
    - 1.3.3 The Relationship 35
  - 1.4 Agents Alice and Bob 36
    - 1.4.1 Cognitive Agent Alice 37
    - 1.4.2 Intentional Agent Bob 37
  - 1.6 No Confidence 38
  - 1.5 Confidence as a Strategy 38
  - 1.7 Pragmatics of Confidence 39
  - Bibliography 41
- 2 The Model of Confidence 46
  - 2.1 Introduction 46
  - 2.2 Fundamentals 47
    - 2.2.2 Trust and Control 47
    - 2.2.3 Transactional Horizon 47
    - 2.2.1 Confidence 47
    - 2.2.4 Evidence and Enablers 48
  - 2.3 Two Trusts 48
  - 2.4 Complexity and Confidence 49
    - 2.4.1 Examples 49
    - 2.4.2 Proposition 49
  - 2.5 The Model 50
    - 2.5.1 Entities 50
    - 2.5.2 The Complexity-scope Exchange 51
    - 2.5.3 The Assessment of Confidence 52
    - 2.5.4 Assessment as an Optimisation Process 55
  - 2.6 Formalisation 55
  - 2.7 Evidence 58
    - 2.7.1 The Trust Path 58
    - 2.7.2 The Control Path 59
  - 2.8 Recursion 61
  - 2.9 Enablers 61
    - 2.9.1 Similarity 63
    - 2.9.2 Honesty 64
    - 2.9.3 Identity 64
    - 2.9.4 Accessibility 65
  - 2.10 Processing 65
  - 2.11 Characteristics of Trust and Control 65
    - 2.11.1 Activity 66
    - 2.11.2 Volatility 66
    - 2.11.3 Internality 67
    - 2.11.6 Measurability 67
    - 2.11.4 Contextuality 67
    - 2.11.5 Temporality 67
    - 2.11.7 Digital Technology 68
  - Bibliography 68
- 3 Measuring Confidence 72
  - 3.1 Introduction 72
  - 3.2 Risk and Uncertainty 73
    - 3.2.1 Relationship to the Model 73
    - 3.2.2 Example 74
  - 3.3 Empirical Metrics 74
    - 3.3.1 Surveys 74
    - 3.3.2 Games of trust 75
  - 3.4 Value of Confidence 77
    - 3.4.1 Expressing Risk 78
    - 3.4.2 Sources of Uncertainty 80
  - 3.5 Combining Risk and Uncertainty 81
    - 3.5.1 Discounting 81
    - 3.5.2 Decoration 83
    - 3.5.3 Uncertain Probability 85
  - 3.6 Conclusion 87
  - Bibliography 88
- 4 Comparative Analysis of the Model of Confidence 92
  - 4.1 Introduction 92
  - 4.2 Models 93
  - 4.3 Comparative Analysis 94
    - 4.3.1 Interdisciplinary Model of Trust 94
    - 4.3.2 Technology Trust Formation Model 98
    - 4.3.3 MoTEC Model of Trust in e-Commerce 99
    - 4.3.4 Tan’s Transactional Trust Model 102
  - 4.4 Conclusion 103
  - Bibliography 104
- 5 The Dynamics of Confidence 106
  - 5.1 Introduction 106
  - 5.2 Development of Confidence-Based Relationship 107
    - 5.2.1 Cognitive Trust (Control, External) 108
    - 5.2.3 Identity-based Trust (Trust, Internal) 109
    - 5.2.2 Knowledge-based Trust (Control, Internal) 109
  - 5.3 Relationship as a Signalling Protocol 109
    - 5.3.1 Observation (Control, External) 110
    - 5.3.2 Interaction (Control, Internal) 111
    - 5.3.3 Cooperation (Trust, Internal) 111
  - 5.4 Swift Trust 111
    - 5.4.1 Manifestation of Existing Relationships 112
    - 5.4.2 Imposed Confident Behaviour 112
    - 5.4.3 Domain-based Confidence 113
  - 5.5 Emergence of Trust 113
  - 5.6 Breach of Trust 115
  - 5.7 Restoration and Forgiveness 116
    - 5.7.1 Forgiveness in a Game of Trust 116
    - 5.7.2 Simulation 117
  - 5.8 Dead Ends 118
  - Bibliography 119
  - 5.9 Conclusion 119
- 6 The Dark Side 122
  - 6.1 Introduction 122
  - 6.2 Related Works 123
  - 6.3 The Starting Point 124
  - 6.4 The Ethics of Distrust 125
    - 6.4.1 Distrust-like Behaviour 125
    - 6.4.2 Distrust in Social Contexts 126
    - 6.4.3 Benefits of Distrust 127
  - 6.6 The Assessment of Distrust 127
  - 6.5 Distrust and the Model of Confidence 127
  - 6.7 Evidence of Distrust 129
    - 6.7.1 Continuity 129
    - 6.7.2 Competence 130
    - 6.7.3 Motivation 130
  - 6.8 The Area Between 130
  - 6.9 Trust, Distrust, Mix-Trust and Complexity 132
  - 6.10 Dis-control 132
    - 6.10.1 Dis-control and Un-control 133
    - 6.10.2 Example 133
  - Bibliography 134
  - 6.11 Conclusion 134
- Part II Confidence and Technology 138
- 7 Impact of Digital Technology 140
  - 7.1 Introduction 140
  - 7.2 Drivers 141
    - 7.2.1 Disembedding 141
    - 7.2.2 Removal and Transparency 141
    - 7.2.3 Intentionality 142
  - 7.3 Two Types of Confidence 142
    - 7.3.1 Two ‘Trusts’ 142
    - 7.3.2 Unification 143
  - 7.4 Structuring the Area 144
    - 7.4.2 Technology to Technology (2) 145
    - 7.4.1 Human to Human (1) 145
    - 7.4.5 Other Configurations 146
    - 7.4.3 Human to Technology (3) 146
    - 7.4.4 Technology to Human (4) 146
  - 7.5 Digital Equivalence 147
    - 7.5.1 Similarity (Note 1) 147
    - 7.5.2 Continuity (Note 2) 148
    - 7.5.3 Motivation (Note 3) 148
    - 7.5.4 Influence (Note 4) 149
    - 7.5.5 Confidence Processing (Note 5) 149
  - 7.6 Conclusion 149
  - Bibliography 150
- 8 Digital Security 152
  - 8.1 Introduction 152
  - 8.2 Reductive Approach: Security through Control 153
    - 8.2.1 Ontological Security 154
    - 8.2.2 Trusted Computing 155
    - 8.2.3 Trusted Foundations 156
  - 8.3 Holistic Approach: Security through Trust 157
    - 8.3.1 Applicability 158
    - 8.3.2 Trust-based Access Control 158
    - 8.3.3 Problems with the Holistic Approach 159
  - 8.4 Trust and System Design 160
  - 8.5 Conclusion 160
  - Bibliography 161
- 9 Confidence and Networks 164
  - 9.1 Introduction 164
  - 9.2 Overview of the Research 165
  - 9.3 Quality Indicators 166
  - 9.4 Propagation and Transitivity of Confidence 168
  - 9.5 Taxonomy of Interactions 170
    - 9.5.1 Non-removed Interactions 171
    - 9.5.2 Once-removed Interactions 173
    - 9.5.3 Twice-removed Interactions 175
    - 9.5.4 Level-removed Interactions 178
  - 9.6 Additional Considerations 179
    - 9.6.1 Network Architectures 179
    - 9.6.2 Memory 181
    - 9.6.3 Honesty and Similarity 182
  - Bibliography 183
  - 9.7 Conclusion 183
- 10 Attacks on Confidence 188
  - 10.1 Introduction 188
  - 10.2 Taxonomy of Threats 189
    - 10.2.1 Alice 190
    - 10.2.2 Reputation 192
    - 10.2.3 Information Flow 193
    - 10.2.4 Network 196
    - 10.2.5 Bob 197
  - 10.3 Attacks 197
    - 10.3.2 Starvation 198
    - 10.3.1 Information Overload 198
    - 10.3.5 Reputation Takeover 199
    - 10.3.3 Masquerading 199
    - 10.3.4 Misrepresentation 199
    - 10.3.6 Unfair ratings 200
    - 10.3.7 Dis-reputation 201
    - 10.3.8 Prejudice 202
    - 10.3.9 Free Riding 203
  - 10.4 Conclusion 203
  - Bibliography 204
- 11 Trust-Enhancing Technologies 206
  - 11.1 Introduction 206
  - 11.2 The Concept of TET 207
  - 11.3 TET Principles 208
  - 11.4 TET Requirements 210
    - 11.4.1 Identity 211
    - 11.4.2 Affinity 212
    - 11.4.3 Honesty 214
    - 11.4.4 Decency 214
    - 11.4.5 Curiosity 215
  - 11.5 Tools 215
    - 11.5.1 Mask 216
    - 11.5.2 Mirror 217
    - 11.5.3 Memory 218
  - 11.6 Example 219
    - 11.6.3 Honesty 220
    - 11.6.1 Identity 220
    - 11.6.2 Affinity 220
    - 11.6.5 Curiosity 221
    - 11.6.4 Decency 221
  - 11.7 Another Example 221
  - 11.8 Conclusion 222
  - Bibliography 223
- Part III Confidence in a Convergent World 226
- 12 Convergence and Confidence 228
  - 12.1 Introduction 228
  - 12.2 Convergence 229
    - 12.2.1 Pervasiveness of Technology 230
    - 12.2.2 Brand Virtualisation 231
    - 12.2.3 Cross-pollination of Technologies 232
  - 12.3 Convergence and Confidence 232
    - 12.3.1 Enablers – Similarity 232
    - 12.3.2 Enablers – Honesty 234
    - 12.3.3 Enablers – Identity 235
    - 12.3.4 Enablers – Availability 236
    - 12.3.5 Trust – Continuity 237
    - 12.3.6 Trust – Competence 238
    - 12.3.7 Trust – Motivation 239
    - 12.3.8 Control – Knowledge 240
    - 12.3.9 Control – Influence 240
    - 12.3.10 Control – Assurance 241
  - 12.4 Conclusion 242
  - Bibliography 242
- 13 Confidence Creation in e-Business 244
  - 13.1 Introduction 244
  - 13.2 eBay 245
  - 13.3 eBay and the Model of Confidence 246
    - 13.3.1 Confidence in the World – People Are Good 247
    - 13.3.2 Trust in Trading Domain – Operational Model 247
    - 13.3.3 Control over the Trading Domain – API 248
    - 13.3.4 Trust in Agents – PowerSeller 249
    - 13.3.5 Control over Agents – Reputation 250
    - 13.3.6 Trust in Transactions – Skype 251
    - 13.3.7 Control over Transactions – PayPal 251
    - 13.3.8 Fundamental: Confidence in eBay Technology 252
  - 13.4 Potential Development of eBay 252
  - 13.5 Conclusion 254
  - Bibliography 255
- 14 Privacy and Authentication 258
  - 14.1 Introduction 258
  - 14.2 Terminology 259
    - 14.2.1 Identity 259
    - 14.2.2 Privacy 261
    - 14.2.3 Authentication 261
  - 14.3 Privacy and Authentication 263
  - 14.4 Confidence-based Privacy-preserving Authentication 264
    - 14.4.1 Privacy-preserving Authentication (PPA) 264
    - 14.4.2 The PPA Protocol 265
  - 14.5 Example 266
  - 14.6 The Role of SIM 267
  - 14.7 Continuous Authentication 268
  - 14.8 Identity and Confidence 269
    - 14.8.2 Identity and the Perception of Truth 269
    - 14.8.1 Identity and Enablers 269
    - 14.8.3 Shared Identity and Confidence 271
  - 14.9 Conclusion 271
  - Bibliography 272
- 15 Trust Management 274
  - 15.1 Introduction 274
  - 15.2 Trust Management 274
    - 15.2.1 Example 275
    - 15.2.2 Alternatives 276
    - 15.2.3 Generic Trust Management 276
  - 15.3 Research Overview 278
  - 15.4 Problems 278
    - 15.4.2 Revocation 279
    - 15.4.3 Reliable Agents 279
    - 15.4.1 Reinstatement 279
    - 15.4.5 Monitoring and Reporting 280
    - 15.4.6 Expressiveness 280
    - 15.4.4 Secure Communication 280
    - 15.4.7 Identity 281
  - 15.5 Autonomy 281
    - 15.5.2 Delegation 282
    - 15.5.1 Reflection 282
    - 15.5.3 Alteration 284
    - 15.5.4 Evolution 285
  - 15.6 Challenges to Trust Management 286
    - 15.6.2 Identity 286
    - 15.6.1 Autonomy 286
    - 15.6.3 Complexity 287
  - 15.8 The Assessment of Trust 287
    - 15.8.1 Continuity 288
    - 15.8.3 Competence 289
  - 15.7 The Future of Trust Management 287

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